2. LANGUAGE FAMILY Groups of languages are related to each other Common ancestry Indo- European Languages Indo- European Languages Vocabulary, phonology, morphology, and syntax Proto-Indo- European English Germanic

3. COMMON ANCESTRY Romance languages Germanic languages French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Catalan Latin Lower number of dialects We do not have a written ancestor Proto- Germanic Cultural and geographical contact Languages exchange vocabulary Need and prestige primary factors East Germanic Gothic North Germanic West Germanic Old Icelandic German, Yiddish, Dutch, Flemish, Afrikaans and English

5. INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGE FAMILY Anotolia n Extintc Indo- Iranian Indic Irania n Greek Helleni c Attic Italic Osco- Umbrian Faliscan Germanic Celtic Tocharian Baltic Balto- Slavic Slavic Armenian Albanian

6. ASPECTS OF THE STRUCTURE PIE Phonology Morphology Verbal Morphology Syntax Nominal Pronominal Allow researchers to find out similarities in families language Grammatically Semantically 2 voices (active, mediopassive number of tenses mood Word order