2. Remaking Society…A.K.A. Reform Movements Temperance Health & Medicine Education Rehabilitation Feminism Indian Relations

3. Why the Reforms??? REJECTED If individuals were not “predestined”, they could change things Second Great Awakening led to changes in reform – Charles Grandison Finney

4. Temperance Drinking was on the rise…why? Many people blamed alcohol for crime, disorder, and poverty…women especially joined the temperance movement…why?

5. Temperance Organizations Formed Some felt people preached forgoing hard liquor only; while others preached banning (in legislative form) all liquor American Society for the Promotion of Temperance Washington Temperance Society Temperance Movement Divided

6. Temperance Established Protestants Cultural Divide New Catholic Immigrants

7. Health & Medicine Epidemics (especially Cholera) were devastating urban populations New Orleans 1833: ¼ of the population Call For… (Great Idea BUT…) The idea of licensing professional doctors was considered undemocratic Important Reforms William Morton (dentist) used sulphuric ether for tooth extraction John Warren (doctor) used ether for surgical procedures Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.’s findings about disease

8. Reforming Education Horace Mann Well actually yeah you do and we need to reform it!!!!!! Mann’s Reforms First Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education 1. Lengthened the School Year 2. Enriched Curriculum 3. Doubled teachers’ salaries 4. Professional Training for Teachers All these meant to help Mann’s belief that an educated electorate was key to a free political system

9. New Educational Systems were set up in Connecticut and Rhode Island by Henry Bernard PA passed a law in 1835 appropriating state funds for education By 1850, the idea of tax-supported elementary schools were accepted in all states Quality of Education varied from state to state (10th amendment???) By 1860, literacy in the U.S. was 94% Education of Native Americans was limited Black population in the South was barred from education

10. Rehabilitation Debtors would serve prison terms Public Hangings Criminals, debtors, and the mentally ill were all grouped together indiscriminately “Prisons” were ill-equipped Imprisonment for Debtors ended Public Hangings ended States built “penitentiaries” & mental institutions New Prison discipline methods Orphanages were established

11. The idea among reformers was that these institutions could help / rehabilitate the individual. Was it a successful movement? Why or why not?

12. Indian Reservations How did reservations fit the reform model?

13. The Rise of Feminism Industrialization’s “separate spheres” & Southern “Tradition” ORGANIZED Resentment Among Women Lucretia Mott Elizabeth Cady Stanton Susan B. Anthony LED TO… Seneca Falls Convention (1848) Called for the right to vote Rejected “separate spheres” “Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions”