1. Carbon Compounds Essential Questions What makes food “nutritious”?
What are the building blocks of cells?

2. Q: What’s the difference between an atoms and molecules
Q: What’s the difference between an atoms and molecules? Elements and compounds? A:
Molecules are made up of two or more atoms joined together. Compounds are made up of two or more elements.

3. B. What is everything made of?
Element – Substance that can’t be broken down to any simpler substance, e.g. ____________, _____________, ______________
Atom – Basic unit of matter, smallest particle of an _______________.
Compound – Pure substance made of two or more elements, e.g. ______________ _______________________
Molecule – Particle made of two or more __________ joined together. Smallest particle of a __________________
carbon
oxygen
hydrogen
element
water (H2O)
carbon dioxide (CO2)
atoms
compound

4. 1. The author states that “no other element even comes close to matching carbon’s versatility.” (p. 44). Describe three different things carbon can do that makes it useful to living things.
Can join with other elements: oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, etc.
Can join with other carbon atoms to form chains, rings
Key ingredient in proteins, nucleic acids

5. 2. What are the four groups of organic compounds found in living things?
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids

6. 3. What chemical elements make up carbohydrates?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

7. 4. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about carbohydrates:
Starches and sugars are examples of carbohydrates.
Living things use them as their main source of energy.
Sugar molecules are made up of starch molecules joined together in chains.
Plants and some animals use them for strength and rigidity.

8. 5. Single sugar molecules are also called __________________
monosaccharides

9. 6. Circle the letter of each monosaccharide.
a. galactose b. glycogen c. glucose d. fructose

10. 7. What are polysaccharides?
Chain of monosaccharides, also known as starch.

11. 8. How do animals and plants store excess sugar?
Animals store as glycogen (chain of glucose molecules) in the liver
Plants store excess sugar as starch

12. 9. What elements are lipids mostly made of?
Carbon and hydrogen (some oxygen too)

13. 10. What are three common categories of lipids. a. ________________ b
10. What are three common categories of lipids? a. ________________ b. ______________ c. _____________
oils
waxes
Fats

14. 11. Circle the letter of each way that fats are used in living things:
As parts of biological membranes
To store energy
To give plants rigidity
As chemical messengers

15. 12. What elements are nucleic acids made up of?
Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus

16. 13. What is the function of nucleic acids in living things?
Store genetic information, traits passed from parents to offspring.

17. 14. What are two kinds of nucleic acids?
DNA and RNA

18. 15. What chemical elements make up proteins?
Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen

19. 16. Proteins are made of smaller molecules called ____________
amino acids.

20. 17. What are four roles that proteins play in living things. a
17. What are four roles that proteins play in living things? a. ____________________________________________ b. ____________________________________________ c. ________________________________ d. ________________________________
Control rate of chemical reactions (enzymes)
Make muscle, bone, cells, and tissues
Transport things in and out of cells
Help fight diseases (antibodies)

21. Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Elements
Categories/Forms
Functions
Food Sources
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Starches, sugars
Enzymes, antibodies, etc.
Fats, oils
Form cells & tissues, control rates of chem rxns, fight disease
Main source of energy
Store energy
Breads, cereals, rice, pasta, potato, dairy
Meat, dairy, fried foods
Meat, fish, eggs, nuts, dry beans

22. Questions?

23. Polymers Monomer = __one____ unit molecule
Polymer = molecule made of ____many__ units

24. Fatty Acids Saturated Unsaturated
Found in animal fats, usually s____________ at room temperature
Unsaturated
Found in plants, usually l______________ at room temperature. 24

25. Fatty Acids Saturated Unsaturated
Found in animal fats, usually _solid_______ at room temperature
Unsaturated
Found in plants, usually l______________ at room temperature. 25

26. Fatty Acids Saturated Unsaturated
Found in animal fats, usually _solid_______ at room temperature
Unsaturated
Found in plants, usually __liquid______ at room temperature. 26

27. Which fatty acids are less healthy for you, saturated or unsaturated?
_________________________________
Why? ____________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________

28. Which fatty acids are less healthy for you, saturated or unsaturated?
Why? ____________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________

29. Which fatty acids are less healthy for you, saturated or unsaturated?
Why? ____saturated fats are solid at room temp., easier to form clots and clog arteries.___________________________ _________________________________

30. Clogged arteries

31. How do living things use lipids?
Fat, storage of energy.
Makes up cell membranes
Why are lipids good molecules for cell membranes?

32. Why are lipids good molecules for cell membranes?
They don’t mix with water, keeps membrane from dissolving in water
oil
water

33. What foods are good sources of lipids? ______________________________
Meat, dairy, fried foods

34. Proteins Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and n__________.
Polymer made up of a______ acids

35. Proteins Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen___.
Polymer made up of a______ acids

36. Proteins Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen___.
Polymer made up of amino__ acids

37. Amino Acids: Building Blocks of P____________
20 different amino acids are incorporated into proteins. 37

38. Amino Acids: Building Blocks of __Proteins_____
20 different amino acids are incorporated into proteins. 38

39. Amino Acids

40. How do living things use proteins?
1. Control rate of chemical reactions, e.g. digestive e________________. 40

41. How do living things use proteins?
1. Control rate of chemical reactions, e.g. digestive enzymes__________. 41

42. How do living things use proteins?
2. Building materials for all cells and tissues, e.g. skin, bone, m___________ 42

43. How do living things use proteins?
2. Building materials for all cells and tissues, e.g. skin, bone, _muscle______ 43

44. How do living things use proteins?
3. Transport oxygen in blood, e.g. h______________
4. Fight infections, e.g. a______________ 44

45. How do living things use proteins?
3. Transport oxygen in blood, e.g. hemoglobin_____
4. Fight infections, e.g. a______________ 45

46. How do living things use proteins?
3. Transport oxygen in blood, e.g. hemoglobin_____
4. Fight infections, e.g. antibodies_______ 46

47. How do living things use proteins?
5. Movement, e.g. m_____________ cells 47

48. How do living things use proteins?
5. Movement, e.g. muscle________ cells 48

49. How do living things use proteins?
6. Control what goes in and out of cells through cell m___________________ 49

50. How do living things use proteins?
6. Control what goes in and out of cells through cell _membranes___________ 50

51. Protein Structure
The structure of proteins is fundamental for their function (i.e. what they look like determines what they can do)
Proteins have four levels of structure:
Primary (1st level)
Secondary (2nd level)
Tertiary (3rd level)
Quaternary (4th level) 51

52. Levels of Protein Structure52

53. Primary Structure
Order of amino acids joined together in polypeptide chain.
The polypeptide chain below is made up of amino acids glycine, isoleucene, valine, cysteine, etc. bonded together. 53

54. Secondary Structure
2-dimensional folding patterns formed by polypeptide chain. Like what a bunch of string would look like laid flat on a table…..
β-Pleated
Sheet
α-Helix 54

55. Tertiary Structure 3D structure of polypeptide chain
Like what a coil of copper wire looks like in 3-dimensional space. 55

56. Quaternary Structure
Sum of all polypeptide chains joined together to form whole protein molecule.
Each different color section = 1 polypeptide 56

57. What foods are good sources of protein? ______________________________
Meat, poultry, fish, dairy, nuts, eggs, dry beans

58. Nucleic Acids
Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and p____________________
Used by living things to store and transmit hereditary information, i.e. characteristics passed on from parents to offspring
Most common forms: _____________ and _______________

59. Nucleic Acids
Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus___________
Used by living things to store and transmit hereditary information, i.e. characteristics passed on from parents to offspring
Most common forms: _____________ and _______________

60. Nucleic Acids
Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus___________
Used by living things to store and transmit hereditary information, i.e. characteristics passed on from parents to offspring
Most common forms: ______DNA____ and ______RNA______

61. Nucleotides Building blocks of nucleic acids 3 parts: 5 carbon sugar
Phosphate group
Nitrogenous base

62. DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid U_____________ genetic code
Genetic blueprint
Contains info needed to make proteins, to build a new body.

63. DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid Universal_______ genetic code
Genetic blueprint
Contains info needed to make proteins, to build a new body.