1. 12 TO 15 SEPTEMBER IUMI 2010 ZURICH 12 – 15 September Shipping and global trade: A review of major developments Hassiba Benamara UNCTAD

2. 2 12 TO 15 SEPTEMBER CONTENTS I.Macro factors  Economic growth and merchandise trade II. Shipping and seaborne trade  Demand: seaborne trade  Supply: fleet developments  Freight rates III.Emerging challenges and some relevant issues to monitor  Environment  Energy  Other

3. 3 12 TO 15 SEPTEMBER I. Economic growth and merchandise trade

4. 4 12 TO 15 SEPTEMBER UNCTAD and WTO, 2010 The first and deepest contraction (-1.9%)… … in global output since the 1930s World GDP (real), 1971-2010

5. 5 12 TO 15 SEPTEMBER Broad-based and varied speed World GDP (% annual growth), 2004-2010 UNCTAD, 2010

6. 6 12 TO 15 SEPTEMBER The “Great Trade Collapse” World GDP and trade (real), 1971-2010 UNCTAD and WTO, 2010

7. 7 12 TO 15 SEPTEMBER Adverse trade shocks across regions UNCTAD, 2010 World merchandise trade (real), 2009

8. 8 12 TO 15 SEPTEMBER An unprecedented trade contraction  Merchandise exports dropped about 7 times more rapidly than global GDP (elasticity ≈ 2 in 60s and 70s and 3.4 in 90s). UNCTAD estimate for 1971-2010 ≈ 2.5.  Demand shock and synchronized drop. Multiplier effect: Product composition of the fall in demand (e.g. consumer goods and durables, higher income elasticity). Trade in goods drops faster than trade in services which account for a larger share of GDP. Globalised production and increased trade in parts and components. Deepening and widening of global supply chains. Limited trade finance (in addition to demand shock).

9. 9 12 TO 15 SEPTEMBER BUT… … there are signs of recovery in economic indicators…

10. 10 12 TO 15 SEPTEMBER Business confidence is improving… IMF, WEO Update, July 2010 Manufacturing Purchasing Managers’ Index, 2007-2010

11. 11 12 TO 15 SEPTEMBER …so does consumer confidence… IMF, WEO Update, July 2010 Retail sales, 2007-2010

12. 12 12 TO 15 SEPTEMBER …and industrial production Industrial production, 2007-2010 IMF, WEO Update, July 2010

13. 13 12 TO 15 SEPTEMBER GDP growth turned positive in Q2-2009… IMF, WEO Update, July 2010 World GDP (% annual growth), 2007-2010 …UNCTAD expects GDP to grow by 3.5% in 2010

14. 14 12 TO 15 SEPTEMBER World exports forecast to grow… Merchandise exports, 2007-2010 IMF, WEO Update, July 2010 …by + 9.5% in 2010, 7.5% in developed economies; 11% ROW (developing and EIT)

15. 15 12 TO 15 SEPTEMBER Commodity prices are also rising Commodity price indices (actual and forecast, 2000=100), 2000-2011 World Bank, 2010

16. 16 12 TO 15 SEPTEMBER Longer term outlook and a new global design Major industrialized countries –Twenty years up to 2009: +2.2% –Next twenty years forecast: +1.8% Major developing countries –Twenty years up to 2009: +6.3% –Next twenty years forecast: +5.9% World average –Twenty years up to 2009: +2.9% –Next twenty years forecast: +3.5% World exports (tons): - Expected to double in the next 20 years. Source: IHS-Fairplay, as presented to IAME 2010, Lisbon, July 2010

17. 17 12 TO 15 SEPTEMBER II. Shipping and seaborne trade

18. 18 12 TO 15 SEPTEMBER Unsheltered from shocks in the wider economy… YearOil Main bulks a Other dry cargo Total (all cargoes) 1970 1 442 448 6762 566 1980 1 871 7961 0373 704 1990 1 755 9681 2854 008 2000 2 1631 2882 5335 984 20062 6981 8493 1357 682 2007 2 7471 9723 2657 983 20082 7322 0793 3998 210 2009 b 2 6492 1023 0927 843 UNCTAD RMT, 2010 -3% +1.1% -9% -4.5% World seaborne trade (tons), 1970-2009 …seaborne trade contracted (-4.5%) in 2009

19. 19 12 TO 15 SEPTEMBER All shipping segments negatively affected… UNCTAD, RMT 2010; Clarkson Shipping Review (spring 2010), Dry Bulk Outlook, August, 2010, and Container Intelligence Monthly, August, 2010 20092010 f Iron ore8%6% Coal1%9% Grain-2%2% Bauxite and Alumina/Phosphate Rock-27%18% Major dry bulk1%7% Minor dry bulks-13%9% Other dry cargo-9%6% of which container-9%11% Oil-3%3% Total seaborne trade (tons)-4.5%5.2% Seaborne trade (% change), per cargo type, 2009-2010 …but major dry bulk cargo held strong; China factor

20. 20 12 TO 15 SEPTEMBER 2009, a dramatic year in the history of container shipping (-9.4%) UNCTAD, based on Clarkson Research Services and Drewry Consultants Global container trade, 1990-2010

21. 21 12 TO 15 SEPTEMBER Fleet developments

22. 22 12 TO 15 SEPTEMBER Growth in ship supply capacity continues… World fleet by vessel type in million dwt, 1980-2010 …1.27 billion dwt at the beginning of 2010, 7% increase UNCTAD, based on IHS- Fairplay data

23. 23 12 TO 15 SEPTEMBER Record new deliveries and an impressive orderbook World tonnage on order, 2000-2010 (000’ dwt) UNCTAD, based on IHS- Fairplay data

24. 24 12 TO 15 SEPTEMBER Wider supply and demand imbalance… UNCTAD, based on Clarkson Container Intelligence Monthly Supply and demand in container shipping, 2000-2010 …as illustrated by container shipping

25. 25 12 TO 15 SEPTEMBER Freight rates

26. 26 12 TO 15 SEPTEMBER D/S determine freight rates…  The year 2009 was a bleak year for freight rates in all market segments.  By the end of 2009, rates in all sectors have recovered from their earlier lows albeit still significantly below their pre- crisis levels.  Freight rates for 2010 were volatile and future prospects remain uncertain.

27. 27 12 TO 15 SEPTEMBER Baltic Tanker Indices, 2005-2010 UNCTAD, based on Lloyd’s Shipping Economist data …tanker rates fell with falling oil demand

28. 28 12 TO 15 SEPTEMBER Dry cargo freight indices, 2004-2010 UNCTAD, based on ISL-Shipping Statistics and Market Review 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 Jan-04 Mar-04 May-04 Jul-04 Sep-04 Nov-04 Jan-05 Mar-05 May-05 Jul-05 Sep-05 Nov-05 Jan-06 Mar-06 May-06 Jul-06 Sep-06 Nov-06 Jan-07 Mar-07 May-07 Jul-07 Sep-07 Nov-07 Jan-08 Mar-08 May-08 Jul-08 Sep-08 Nov-08 Jan-09 Mar-09 May-09 Jul-09 Sep-09 Nov-09 Jan-10 Mar-10 TrampTrip …dry bulk rates supported by demand from China…

29. 29 12 TO 15 SEPTEMBER Container freight rates, 2005-2009 UNCTAD, based on Containerisation International data … container rates supported by a series of counter-measures

30. 30 12 TO 15 SEPTEMBER Summary of key points (1)  2009, a record in history.  Prospects are improving; recovery varying in speed, driven by emerging developing economies (e.g. Asia).  Various forecasts for 2010/2011 (UNCTAD, IMF, WB, IHS- Fairplay, …); all positive.  World merchandise trade is forecast to grow in 2010 and 2011(e.g. WTO and World Bank).  World seaborne trade also forecast to grow in 2010 and 2011.

31. 31 12 TO 15 SEPTEMBER BUT… … the outlook remains fragile in view of various downside risks…

32. 32 12 TO 15 SEPTEMBER Summary of key points (2)  Sustainability of recovery, strength and shape (V, U or W)?  Public debts  Unemployment and bank lending  Stimulus packages (duration/end)  Is observed trade recovery driven by new demand?  Supply-side pressures  Known and unknown crises

33. 33 12 TO 15 SEPTEMBER III. Emerging challenges and issues to monitor  Energy: access, security and prices  Climate change: mitigation and adaptation  Seafaring crisis?  Supply chain security and piracy  Other global crises: e.g. food, water, financial…  Geopolitics  Other ?

34. 34 12 TO 15 SEPTEMBER Focus on two emerging global challenges Climate change & energy: interconnected  Climate change mitigation action has implications for ship design, engines, fuel systems, operations, services, management, value, etc.  Indirect implications through changes in demand for shipping services. E.g. climate induced changes in trade structure, flows and patterns through impacts on sectors such as energy production and consumption, agriculture and food products, demography and human settlement, etc.  Climate change mitigation and adaptation require energy. However, there are signs of a looming energy crisis. Shipping is heavily reliant on oil for propulsion and not yet in a position to effectively and widely adopt substitutes.

35. 35 12 TO 15 SEPTEMBER Conclusion?

36. 36 12 TO 15 SEPTEMBER …and publications by UNCTAD, including on oil prices and maritime freight rates, maritime transport and the climate change challenge, as well as supply chain security are available at: UNCTAD Trade Logistics Branch www.unctad.org/ttl/legal UNCTAD’s annual Review of Maritime Transport and quarterly Transport Newsletter are available at: www.unctad.org/transportnewswww.unctad.org/transportnews Addition information…