1. The Changing Global Context

2. Telecommunications: Billions of Minutes
The World-System
An interdependent system of countries linked by economic and political competition
“Globalization”
Telecommunications: Billions of Minutes

3. But what is Globalization?
The increasing interdependence and interconnectedness of places globally.

4. Elements of Globalization
The continual expansion of global connections, relations and networks:
Faster and more intense
Increasing awareness about the world
Driven by advancing technologies

5. Is Globalization: THE BIG QUESTION: A. Good? B. Bad?
C. All of the above?
D. None of the above?

6. Current World Divisions

7. Measuring Income Gross Domestic Product (GDP) “Per capita”
Total value of all materials, goods, and services produced in one year
Does not include inflows / outflows of money: e.g.: remittances
Impacted by:
relative buying power: PPP-Purchasing Power Parity
- Based on hours of labor required to purchase a good
Exchange Rate vs. Buying Power
- Euro vs. dollar vs. yuan, etc.
“Per capita”
Used for equalizing comparisons between dissimilar populations (divide GDP by population)
“GDP per capita” vs. “GDP”

8. “PPP” “Big Mac Index” “PPP” Four most expensive Four most affordable
Switzerland - USD 7.54
Norway - USD 6.30
Denmark: - USD 5.38
Brazil - USD 5.21
Four most affordable
Ukraine - USD 1.20
Russia - USD 1.36
India - USD 1.89
Malaysia - USD 2.11
“PPP”
Five slowest earned
Sierra Leone: 136 HOURS
Afghanistan: 6:12
India: 5:48
Mexico: 4:42
Philippines: 4:24
Five fastest earned
Australia: 18 minutes
U.K.: 24 minutes
France: 24 minutes
Japan: 30 minutes
Canada: 30 minutes
USA: 36 minutes

9. The Core
Industrialized capitalist countries, led by former colonial powers (MDC’s)
So-called “1st World” or “Developed World”
Centers of trade, technology, productivity, $$$, high GDP pc
Exploit the Periphery and Semi-periphery
Examples: Western Europe, North America, Japan, Australia

10. The Periphery Poor, ex-colonial nations
So-called “Third World” or “Developing Countries” (LDC’s)
Exploited countries and regions
ex·ploi·ta·tion   (ek sploi-tay shun):
The act of employing to the greatest possible advantage:
exploitation of copper deposits.
Utilization of another person or group for selfish purposes:
exploitation of unwary consumers.
Exploited by Core and Semi-Periphery
Tend to export resources and provide labor; low GDP pc
Examples: Kenya, Bolivia, Pakistan, etc.

11. The Semi-Periphery Somewhere in-between core and periphery
Industrializing ex-colonial countries (NICs)
Countries or regions with mixed processes:
Both exploited and exploiters.
Both exporters and importers of goods.
Examples: South Africa, Brazil, Mexico, Taiwan, South Korea. What about…?

12. CHINA Historically considered as “periphery” But never colonized
With trade opening up to China over past 20 years, China has emerged into the “Semi-Periphery”
Recent impact on international markets and HUGE demand (i.e. oil, metals, etc.)
Huge population will affect globalization

13. Brief History of “Globalization”

14. 1400s: European Colonialism
Christopher Columbus: Where was he going? Why?

15. Hegemony Colonialism Domination over a region or the world
Not just political or military control
Most pervasive is economic and cultural control
The “Golden Rule”

17. Geographic Implications
Imperialism and Colonialism
Ethnocentrism and Racism
Environmental Determinism

18. Imperialism: Formal Colonialism
Colonies under direct governance and control
Core controls labor, resources, land
Often indirect political rule through local leaders

19. Industrial Revolution
Early-1800s
Britain (Hearth): from slave cotton
Textiles, steam power, iron, canals
Mid-1800s
Diffusion to Germany, France, Belgium, Netherlands
Steel used for railroads, steamships, telegraph (means of globalization)
Late-1800s/ early-1900s
Spread to Europe, US, Japan
Electricity, oil, engines, roads, radio

20. Ethnocentrism and Racism
“Our way is best”
“Civilizing”
Natives
Non-whites

22. 1900: Rise of Multinational Corporations (MNCs) (Transnational-TNCs)
Investments, activities transcend borders
Cheap labor / resources in Periphery / S-P countries supply core
Int’l business and government become increasingly linked
Cartoon on Standard Oil, 1904

23. Industrial revolution helped create the rise of MNCs / TNCs
“Golden Rule” in full effect
Rules made by core in interest of business

24. (Frequently viewed as Post-WWII)
“Modern” Imperialism
(Frequently viewed as Post-WWII)

25. 1945: World War II “Begins” contemporary globalization
Sudden shifts in economic hegemony, political power
Sudden technological innovations
Sudden growth of transportation, communications networks

26. Late 1940s: U.S. dominant Sole possession of atomic bomb to 1949
Nagasaki
Late 1940s: U.S. dominant
Sole possession of atomic bomb to 1949
War destroyed industries of Europe, Russia and Japan
U.S. finances reconstruction
Frankfurt

27. Anti-colonial revolts
Decolonization:
Colonial flags come down
Asia, 1940s-1950s
Africa 1960s-1970s
Neocolonialism begins
Periphery countries “free,” but…
Ex-colonial powers still dominate economies, resources, cultures, etc.

28. Neocolonialism (Informal Colonialism): Spheres of Influence
Post-WWII (today!)
Core-dominated
NOT militarily controlled
“Controlled” through trade and resources ($)

29. World divisions: Late 20th century
First World (“Global North”) - Industrialized capitalist countries of Western Europe, North America.
Second World - Centrally-planned “socialist” countries such as former Soviet Union.
Third World (“Global South”) - Ex-colonies: India, Malaysia, Brazil, Algeria, etc.
Fourth World (“Global South”) - Poorest nations including indigenous communities

30. “Global North vs. Global South”
North / South Divide
“Global North vs. Global South”

31. Regions of the “Global Village”
In a world village of 100 people:
22 East Asians
38 South Asians
15 Africans
10 Europeans
9 Latin Americans
5 North Americans
1 from Oceania

32. Household income Average annual income $4,890 60 poor 30 marginal
10 well-off

33. Ownership / Consumption
20 richest villagers own and consume
80% of goods
Other villagers own and consume remaining 20%
“80 / 20 Rule”

35. Globalization…
It’s here to stay.