1. R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010 “To believe that exponential growth may last eternally in a limited world, you must be crazy, or, an economist.” - Kenneth Boulding CP551 Sustainable Development

2. R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010 Module 7: Industrial and Service Sectors and their impact on Sustainable Development.

3. R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010

4. Industry Unlimited Raw material Unlimited Energy Capital Labour Unlimited Waste material Products Unlimited Environmental degradation Unlimited

5. R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010 Industry Unlimited Raw material Unlimited Energy Labour Unlimited Waste material Products Unlimited Environmental degradation Unlimited Capital Industrial Automation

6. R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010 Industry Unlimited Raw material Unlimited Energy Labour Unlimited Waste material Products Unlimited Environmental degradation Unlimited Capital Industrial Automation ?

7. R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010 Industry Unlimited Raw material Unlimited Energy Unlimited Waste material Products Unlimited Environmental degradation Unlimited Capital Labour Industrial Automation

8. R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010 Automation reduces labour and labour cost. It increases capital investment which is required for automation. Automated industry requires more energy, so automation increases energy consumption. It increases labour productivity, because of the reduced labour and increased speed of production. Increased labour productivity encourages to increase raw material consumption and production, which tend to increase waste production and environmental degradation.

9. R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010 Source: www.wesjones.com/death.htm An example from the present (and future): Strip mining for coal (1) Blast hole drilled, explosives planted (1)(2)(3) (4) (5) Cross-section of typical mountain and valley in Kentucky Coal deposits

10. R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010 Source: www.wesjones.com/death.htm An example from the present (and future): Strip mining for coal (2) Blast hole fractures overburden (1)(2)(3) (4) (5) Overburden: Foliage, top soil, rocks Bench cuts made by blasting Cross-section of typical mountain and valley in Kentucky

11. R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010 Source: www.wesjones.com/death.htm An example from the present (and future): Strip mining for coal (3) Overburden Removed by dragline excavator (1)(2)(3) (4) (5) Overburden: Foliage, top soil, rocks Bench cuts made by blasting Cross-section of typical mountain and valley in Kentucky

12. R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010 Source: http://www.pbs.org/independentlens/razingappalachia/mtop.html Dragline excavator

13. R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010 Source: www.wesjones.com/death.htm An example from the present (and future): Strip mining for coal (4) Overburden Dumped into valley (1)(2)(3) (4) (5) Overburden: Foliage, top soil, rocks Bench cuts made by blasting Cross-section of typical mountain and valley in Kentucky

14. R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010 Source: www.wesjones.com/death.htm An example from the present (and future): Strip mining for coal (5) Coal removed (1)(2)(3) (4) (5) Overburden: Foliage, top soil, rocks Bench cuts made by blasting Cross-section of typical mountain and valley in Kentucky

15. R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010 Source: www.wesjones.com/death.htm An example from the present (and future): Strip mining for coal Valley filled with spoil Cross-section after mountaintop has been removed Nine men – that is all it takes to bring this mountain low Let us discuss the sustainability issues in strip mining for coal

16. R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010 In 2000, 60 out of the 170 million tons of coal mined in West Virginia were from strip mines. 75% of West Virginia's streams and rivers are polluted by mining and other industries. 300,000 acres of hardwood forest in West Virginia have been destroyed by mountaintop removal practiced in strip mining. Source: http://www.pbs.org/independentlens/razingappalachia/mtop.html Over 1000 miles of streams have been buried by strip mine waste in Appalachian Mountains that run through 13 states.

17. R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010 Source: www.organicfamilymagazine.com/Phosphate.html Open-pit phosphate mined in Idaho Citizen trying to protect the Horse Creek in Florida from phosphate mining An example from the present (and future): Mining for phosphate Is there a sustainability issue here?

18. R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010 An example from the present (and future): Forest industry waste ‘most "wood" companies only handle one type of wood and burn the rest.’ These burn piles are 15 to 20 ft high. What could be done to make it a sustainable industry?

19. R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010 Source: http://rekkerd.org/citarum-river-a-shocking-display-of-abuse/ More than 500 factories (mostly textiles) line the banks of the 200-mile Citarum river, near the Indonesian capital of Jakarta. An example from the present (and future): Factory waste Is there a sustainability issue here?

20. R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010 Source: news.bbc.co.uk/1/low/england/1875563.stm Anglian Water, one of the UK's biggest water companies, has been fined £200,000 for polluting River Crouch with raw sewage after Roy Hart, an Essex fisherman, took out a private prosecution. Court also ordered Anglian Water to pay Roy Hart £9,500 to cover his legal costs. An example from the past: Factory waste

21. R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010 - Degradation of ecosystems (forest, fresh water, marine, etc.) - Upsetting the carbon cycle, resulting in global warming and climate change and the consequences - Depletion of the ozone layer - Pesticide, heavy metals and other persistent toxic chemicals like DDT and PCBs poisoning the web of life - Loss of clean air - Genetically modified (GM) food Ecocides of Manmade origin:

22. R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010 Source: http://www.cartoonstock.com/directory/p/pollute.asp A cartoonist’s view of life on earth with such ecosystem destroying industries

23. R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010 Industry Unlimited Raw material Unlimited Energy Capital Labour Unlimited Waste Products Unlimited Environmental degradation Unlimited

24. R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010 Industry Unlimited Raw material Unlimited Energy Capital Labour Unlimited Waste Products Unlimited Environmental degradation Unlimited End-of pipe treatment

25. R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010 Nuclear industry waste Corroding nuclear waste drums on seabed in UK territorial waters dumped between 1950 and 1963. Source: news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/1766365.stm Los Alamos National Laboratory has disposed of about 13.5 million ft 3 of radioactive and chemical solid wastes in ‘Material Disposal Area G’ since 1943. Source: www.lasg.org/waste/area-g.htm

26. R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010 Source: http://www.greenpeace.org/international/photosvideos/photos/ close-up-of-a-huge-pile-of-com Computer industry waste

27. R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010 Source: http://www.cartoonstock.com/directory/d/dumping_ground.asp A cartoonist’s view of civilized life on earth

28. R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010 Unlimited Raw material Unlimited Energy Capital Labour Unlimited Waste Products Unlimited Environmental degradation Unlimited Industry

29. R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010 Unlimited Raw material Unlimited Energy Capital Labour Unlimited Waste Products Unlimited Environmental degradation Unlimited Industry

30. R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010 Let’s take a look at how Nature produces and what Nature does with its waste. “Biomimicry”

31. R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010 Example: Forest ecosystem Source: http://www.nrri.umn.edu/worms/forest/ecosystems.html The components of ecosystem are those physical things that contain energy and nutrients.

32. R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010 Source: http://www.nrri.umn.edu/worms/forest/ecosystems.html Example: Forest ecosystem Closed cycle and nothing is wasted

33. R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010 Example: Forest ecosystem Source: http://www.nrri.umn.edu/worms/forest/ecosystems.html People open the, otherwise, closed cycle

34. R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010 Source: www.scienceclarified.com/Di-El/Ecosystem.html Another example: Fresh water ecosystem People open the, otherwise, closed cycle

35. R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010 Unlimited Raw material Unlimited Energy Capital Labour Unlimited Waste Products Unlimited Environmental degradation Unlimited Industry

36. R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010 Industry Unlimited Raw material Unlimited Energy Capital Labour No Waste Products No Environmental degradation Unlimited

37. R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010 Industry Unlimited Raw material Unlimited Energy Capital Labour No Waste Products No Environmental degradation Unlimited R ecycle Zero effluent solution

38. R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010 Industry Unlimited Energy Capital Labour No Waste Products No Environmental degradation Unlimited R Raw material (only to start) R stands for recycle

39. R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010 Industry Unlimited Energy Capital Labour No Waste Products No Environmental degradation Unlimited R Industrial Ecology Raw material (only to start) R stands for recycle

40. R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010 - No waste - Energy efficiently utilized - No materials beyond those required to start the system - Complete recycling within the system Industrial Ecology: Source: S. Manahan, Industrial Ecology, 1999

41. R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010 "One of the most important concepts of industrial ecology is that, like the biological system, it rejects the concept of waste." Industrial Ecology: Source: T. Graedel and B. Allenby, Industrial Ecology, 1995

42. R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010 Let us take a look at a functional industrial ecosystem Industrial Ecology:

43. R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010 Sugar refinery Sugar cane Source: Zhu and Cˆot´e 2004, 1028. The Guitang Group, beyond sugar refining in China

44. R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010 Sugar refinery Sugar Molasses Bagasse Filter sludge Sugar cane Source: Zhu and Cˆot´e 2004, 1028. The Guitang Group, beyond sugar refining in China

45. R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010 Sugar refinery Alcohol plant SugarAlcohol Molasses Alcohol residue Bagasse Filter sludge Sugar cane Source: Zhu and Cˆot´e 2004, 1028. The Guitang Group, beyond sugar refining in China

46. R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010 Sugar refinery Fertilizer plant Alcohol plant SugarAlcohol Compound Fertilizer Sugar cane farm Molasses Alcohol residue Bagasse Filter sludge Sugar cane Source: Zhu and Cˆot´e 2004, 1028. The Guitang Group, beyond sugar refining in China

47. R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010 Sugar refinery Pulp plant Paper mill Fertilizer plant Alcohol plant SugarAlcohol PaperPulp Sugar cane farm Molasses Alcohol residue Bagasse Wastewater Black liquor Filter sludge Sugar cane Compound Fertilizer Source: Zhu and Cˆot´e 2004, 1028. The Guitang Group, beyond sugar refining in China

48. R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010 Sugar refinery Pulp plant Paper mill Fertilizer plant Alcohol plant SugarAlcohol NaOH Pulp Sugar cane farm Molasses Alcohol residue Bagasse Wastewater NaOH recovery Black liquor Filter sludge Sugar cane Compound Fertilizer Paper Source: Zhu and Cˆot´e 2004, 1028. The Guitang Group, beyond sugar refining in China

49. R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010 Sugar refinery Pulp plant Paper mill Fertilizer plant Alcohol plant SugarAlcohol NaOH Pulp Sugar cane farm Molasses Alcohol residue Bagasse Wastewater NaOH recovery Black liquor White sludge Filter sludge Sugar cane Compound Fertilizer Paper Source: Zhu and Cˆot´e 2004, 1028. The Guitang Group, beyond sugar refining in China

50. R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010 Sugar refinery Pulp plant Paper mill Cement mill Fertilizer plant Alcohol plant SugarAlcohol Cement NaOH Pulp Sugar cane farm Molasses Alcohol residue Bagasse Wastewater NaOH recovery Black liquor White sludge Filter sludge Sugar cane Compound Fertilizer Paper Source: Zhu and Cˆot´e 2004, 1028. The Guitang Group, beyond sugar refining in China

51. R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010 Sugar refinery Pulp plant Paper mill Cement mill Fertilizer plant Alcohol plant SugarAlcohol Cement NaOH Pulp Sugar cane farm Molasses Alcohol residue Bagasse Wastewater NaOH recovery Black liquor White sludge Filter sludge Sugar cane Compound Fertilizer Paper Source: Zhu and Cˆot´e 2004, 1028. The Guitang Group, beyond sugar refining in China

52. R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010 - The industrial symbiosis took 40 years to develop. - It has been spontaneously developed first through internal investments, and then through cooperation with partners in the regions. - Developing by-product exchanges is beneficial in many ways (reduced emissions, reduced disposal costs and revenue from by-product utilization). - Improving environmental standards (ISO9001 certification in 1998) - However, it is counter to traditional business trends such as focusing on their core competence and avoiding development of “distracting” profit centers. The Guitang Group, beyond sugar refining in China Source: Q. Zhu, E.A. Lowe, Y. Wei, and D. Barnes, 2007. Industrial Symbiosis in China: A Case Study of the Guitang Group. J. of Industrial Ecology 11(1): 31-42

53. R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010 …… I really appreciate the thoroughness of your sustainable development curriculum. I will share that with some academic friends here. I am sending a couple of poems that I wrote while in Sri Lanka. I've not been able to find out if Serasenghe and his family (Across flowing water) survived the tsunami. They lived right near the Bentota River. with love and laughter, Ernie Ernest Lowe, Indigo Development, 2815 Spring Creek Dr. Santa Rosa, CA 95405

54. R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010 Symbiotic interactions between organisms: Commensalism: one population benefits and the other is not affected Mutualism: both populations benefit and neither can survive without the other Protocooperation: both populations benefit but the relationship is not obligatory Amensalism - one is inhibited and the other is not affected Competition – one’s fitness is lowered by the presence of the other Parasitism – one is inhibited and for the other its obligatory

55. R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010 For yet another functional industrial ecosystem, go to the presentation on The Industrial Symbiosis at Kalundborg, Denmark by Jørgen Christensen Consultant to the Symbiosis Institute Industrial Ecology: http://continuing-education.epfl.ch/webdav/site/continuing-education/ shared/Industrial%20Ecology/Presentations/11%20Christensen.pdf

56. R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010 Eco-Industrial Development Strategies Resource Recovery, Pollution Prevention, and Cleaner Production Integration into Natural Ecosystems Industrial Clustering Green Design Life Cycle Assessment Deconstruction and De-manufacturing Environmental Management Systems Technological Innovation & Continuous Environmental Improvement Job Training Public Participation and Collaboration Source: Mary Schlarb, Eco-Industrial Development: A Strategy for Building Sustainable Communities, 2001

57. R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010 Source: http://www.environment.gov.au/settlements/industry/finance/ publications/producer.html Design for Environment (DfE) Strategies raw material extracting & processing manufacturing packaging & distribution product use end-of-life recycling repair & reuse cradle-to- grave design paradigm

58. R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010 raw material extracting & processing manufacturing packaging & distribution product use end-of-life recycle repair & reuse Source: http://www.environment.gov.au/settlements/industry/finance/ publications/producer.html Design for Environment (DfE) Strategies cradle-to- grave design paradigm cradle-to- reincarnation design paradigm

59. R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010 Design for Environment (DfE) Strategies

60. R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010 Design for Environment (DfE) Strategies

61. R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010 Life-cycle analysis (LCA) LCA is a tool to assess the potential environmental impacts of product systems or services at all stages in their life cycle – from extraction of resources, through the production and use of the product to reuse, recycling or final disposal.

62. R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010 Life-cycle analysis (LCA) LCA is a technique to assess the potential environmental impacts associated with a product or service throughout its life cycle, by: - Defining suitable goal and scope for the LCA study - Inventory analysis - Impact assessment - Interpreting the results

63. R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010 Life-cycle analysis (LCA) Inventory analysis provides information regarding consumption of material and energy resources (at the beginning of the cycle) and releases to the environment (during and at the end of the cycle). Impact analysis provides information about the kind and degree of environmental impacts resulting from a complete life cycle of a product or activity. Improvement analysis provides measures that can be taken to reduce impacts on the environment or resources. Source: S. Manahan, Industrial Ecology, 1999

64. R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010 Life-cycle analysis must consider - selection of materials, if there is a choice, that would minimise waste - recyclable components - alternate pathways for the manufacturing process or for various parts of it - reusable and recyclable materials Source: S. Manahan, Industrial Ecology, 1999

65. R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010 Life-cycle analysis example The 1.7 kg microchip: Environmental implications of the IT revolution Source: http://www.enviroliteracy.org/subcategory.php/334.html by Eric D. Williams, Robert U. Ayres, and Miriam Heller, The 1.7 Kilogram Microchip: Energy and Material Use in the Production of Semiconductor Devices. Environmental Science & Technology (a peer-reviewed journal of the American Chemical Society), 2002, 36 (24), pp 5504–5510 One 32 MB DRAM chip (weight = 2 gram) 1600 g of fossil fuels 71 g of chemicals 32,000 of water 700 g of elemental gases (mainly nitrogen)

66. R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010 Eco-Industrial Development Strategies Resource Recovery, Pollution Prevention, and Cleaner Production Integration into Natural Ecosystems Industrial Clustering Green Design Life Cycle Assessment Deconstruction and De-manufacturing Environmental Management Systems Technological Innovation & Continuous Environmental Improvement Job Training Public Participation and Collaboration Source: Mary Schlarb, Eco-Industrial Development: A Strategy for Building Sustainable Communities, 2001

67. R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010 “We cannot solve our problems with the same ways of thinking that produced them.” Albert Einstein