1. The Empires of the Early Middle Ages (800-1000): Creation and Erosion Chapter 7

2. I. Islam A. The Arabs B. Muhammad 1. Preaching  Mecca  Gabriel  Medina 2. Hijra  Convert or conquer 2©2010, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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5. I. Islam C. The Religion of Islam  Allah 1. The Koran  Muslims  Caliphs 2. Law and Government 3. Relationship to Other Religions  Abraham  Ishmael 5©2010, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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7. I. Islam D. Expansion of Islam 1. Conquests 2. Umayyads 3. Sunni-Shiite Schism  Sunnas, Sunnites, and Shiites  Abbas and Abbasid Dynasty  Abdurrahman 7©2010, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

8. Map 7.1 Expansion of Islam Consider the vast extent of the Arab expansion from the Arabian peninsula. The Muslims conquered Persian, Byzantine, and Germanic kingdoms. The whole area became Arabic speaking. What cities mark the defeat and turning back of Muslims? How rapidly did the Muslims expand? 8©2010, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

9. I. Islam E. Islamic Economy and Society 1. Diverse Economic Systems  Pastoral economy  Trade stimulation  Commerce  Damask 2. Cosmopolitan Cities 3. Mixed Role for Women  Marriage and divorce  Harem 9©2010, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

10. I. Islam F. Arabic Contributions to Global Culture 1. Medical Education  Al-Razi (Rhazes) 2. Mathematics and Astronomy  Zero  Algebra  Astrolabe 10©2010, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

11. I. Islam F. Arabic Contributions to Global Culture 3. Philosophy and Theology  Ibn-Rushd (Averroës) 4. Centers of Culture  Baghdad  Harun al-Rashid  Arabian Nights  Al-Mamun  Spain  Alhambra Palace in Granada 11©2010, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

12. I. Islam G. Decline of Medieval Islamic Civilization  First Crusade  Seljuk Turks 12©2010, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

13. II. The Byzantine Empire (610-1071) A. Strains on the Empire 1. Heraclius and the Persian Wars  Avars  Church of the Holy Sepulcher 2. Territorial Losses to Muslims 3. Military Revival  Leo III  Bulgars 13©2010, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

14. II. The Byzantine Empire (610-1071) A. Strains on the Empire 4. Leo III and Iconoclasm  Icons B. Byzantine Government 1. Position of the Emperor  Sacred 2. Elaborate Bureaucracy 14©2010, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

15. II. The Byzantine Empire (610-1071) C. The Eastern Church and the Western Church 1. Theological Differences  Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox  Filioque dispute 2. Languages in Liturgy  Vernacular languages  Loose confederation of independent national churches 15©2010, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

16. II. The Byzantine Empire (610-1071) C. The Two Churches 3. Missionary Activities  Cyril  Cyrillic alphabet  Methodius  Conversion of the Slavic peoples 4. East-West Schism 16©2010, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

17. II. The Byzantine Empire (610-1071) D. Byzantine Economy and Society 1. Urban and Rural Population  Theme system  Generals 2. Trade and Manufacture  Bezant  Luxury items  Silk  Purple  Guilds 17©2010, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

18. II. The Byzantine Empire (610-1071) D. Byzantine Economy and Society 3. Limited Role of Women  Irene  Theodora  Under protection of male relatives 18©2010, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

19. II. The Byzantine Empire (610-1071) E. Byzantine Culture 1. Education  Palace schools  Patriarchal schools  Monastic schools 2. Scholarship 3. Art and Architecture  Mosaics 19©2010, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

20. II. The Byzantine Empire (610-1071) E. Byzantine Culture 4. Popular Culture  Hippodrome F. Decline of the Byzantine Empire 1. Social Transformations  Theme system collapses  Serfs 20©2010, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

21. II. The Byzantine Empire (610-1071) F. Decline of the Byzantine Empire 2. Defense of the Empire  Mercenaries  Varangians  Greek fire 3. The Seljuk Turks  Manzikert  Suleiman 21©2010, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

22. III. The Carolingian, or Frankish, Empire  Charles the Great (Charlemagne)  Pepin the Short A. Charlemagne 1. Victorious Wars  Lombards  Bavarians  Saxons 22©2010, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

23. Map 7.2 Carolingian Empire under Charlemagne This map shows the additions that Charlemagne made to the Frankish Empire. Marches were the frontier provinces organized for the military defense of the Empire. Aix-la-Chapelle, also called Aachen, was the capital of the Empire. Where were the tributary people? Compare this map to map 5.1, showing the extent of the Roman Empire. What did the Carolingian Empire include that the Roman Empire did not? What parts of Europe did the Romans control that the Carolingians did not? 23©2010, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

24. III. The Carolingian, or Frankish, Empire A. Charlemagne 2. Imperial Title  Emperor of the Romans 24©2010, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

25. III. The Carolingian, or Frankish, Empire B. Carolingian Government 1. Imperial Ideology 2. Administering the Empire  Chaplain  Chancery  Count of the palace  Chamberlain  Seneschal  Constable  Count 25©2010, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

26. III. The Carolingian, or Frankish, Empire B. Carolingian Government 2. Administering the Empire  Missi dominici  General assembly  Capitularies 3. Currency  Denarius  Solidus 26©2010, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

27. III. The Carolingian, or Frankish, Empire C. The Carolingian Renaissance  Corrupted Latin writing 1. Carolingian Miniscule  “Bookhand” 2. Latin Language  Medieval Latin  Old German and French 27©2010, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

28. III. The Carolingian, or Frankish, Empire C. The Carolingian Renaissance 3. Standardization of Texts  Alcuin of York 4. Schools and Curriculum  Trivium and quadrivium 5. Court Scholars D. Carolingian Society and Culture 1. Aristocratic Culture 28©2010, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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30. III. The Carolingian, or Frankish, Empire D. Carolingian Society and Culture 2. Economy and Society 3. Art and Architecture E. Decline of the Carolingian Empire 1. Division of the Empire  Louis the Pious  Treaty of Verdun 2. New Invasions  Muslims, Magyars, Scandinavians 30©2010, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

31. Map 7.3 Partition of the Frankish Empire This map indicates the division of the Frankish Empire among the three surviving sons of Louis the Pious. In making the division, the language that the inhabitants spoke was not a consideration. Did the tripartite division of the Empire under Charlemagne’s grandsons follow natural boundaries such as rivers or mountains? What tensions might have arisen from the division of the Empire? 31©2010, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

32. Map 7.4 Invasions of Southern Europe, Ninth through Tenth Centuries This map shows that the Muslims (Saracens as the Western Europeans called them) and Magyars made incursions, if not permanent settlements, into Europe in the ninth through tenth centuries. Were there natural boundaries to stop the Magyars, who traveled by horseback? What probable conveyance did the Saracens use to raid? 32©2010, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

33. IV. The Vikings, Kiev, and England A. The Vikings 1. Viking Ships and Exploration  Vinland  Iceland 2. Eastern Expansion  Rus  Novgorod  Kiev 33©2010, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

34. Map 7.5 Invasions of Northern Europe, Eighth through Ninth Centuries The Viking or Scandinavian invasions of the eighth through the ninth centuries were extensive and resulted in permanent settlements. The Vikings relied on their shallow draft boats for both trading and raiding permitting them to travel on both oceans and rivers. What areas did they explore and raid? What cities did they found (see dates on map)? 34©2010, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

35. IV. The Vikings, Kiev, and England A. The Vikings 3. Western Expansion  Danes  Norwegians  Rollo  Normandy 4. Conversion to Christianity  Incomplete conversion 35©2010, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

36. IV. The Vikings, Kiev, and England A. The Vikings 5. Treatment of Women  Polygamy 6. Poetry and Sagas  Edda  Valhalla  King Harald’s Saga 36©2010, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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38. IV. The Vikings, Kiev, and England B. The Kievan Rus Principality 1. Origins  Prince Oleg  Vladimir  Anna 2. Reign of Yaroslav the Wise  Self-government of church  Russkaia Pravda 38©2010, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

39. Map 7.6 Principality of Kiev The East Slavs invited the Scandinavians, the Rus, to settle and unify them. The Scandinavians had traded extensively in the Black Sea. What were the trading routes that the Rus used? What were the capitals of the Kievan state? 39©2010, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

40. IV. The Vikings, Kiev, and England B. The Kievan Rus Principality 3. Agriculture and Trade 4. Kievan Cities 5. Learning and Literature  The Primary Chronicle 6. Art and Architecture  “Onion” dome 7. Decline of the Principality of Kiev  Cumans 40©2010, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

41. IV. The Vikings, Kiev, and England C. Anglo-Saxon England 1. Alfred the Great  Reforms the militia  Builds fortresses  Danelaw 2. Intellectual Life  Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 41©2010, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.