1. Chapter 4
The First Inhabitants

2. Themes: Louisiana and the World Timeline (pp. 74-75)
Archaeology in Louisiana (pp )
Archaic Period (pp )
The Neo Period (pp )
Historic Indians (pp )
Historic Indian Culture (pp )
Louisiana’s Native Americans Today (pp )
Review (pp )

3. I. Archaeology
What types of questions do archaeologists ask themselves to gather information about past cultures?
A: Who, what, where, when, how, and why, these six friends have I.

4. I. Archaeology in Louisiana
Knowledge of prehistoric Native Americans culture comes through the careful study of artifacts.
GLEs: 74, 78

5. Archaeologist

6. I. Archaeology in Louisiana
European explorers recorded observations in letters, diaries, & gov’t reports.
Those first-hand accounts, along with sketches & artifacts, provide more detailed information about historic Indian cultures.
GLEs: 74, 78

7. Paleo Indians arrive in Louisiana. Ice Age animals become extinct.
II. Paleo Period ( B.C.)
Last great Ice Age ends.
Paleo Indians arrive in Louisiana.
Ice Age animals become extinct.
Mastodons

8. A. The Paleo People
Lived from 10,000-6,000 B.C.
During the Ice Age when ocean levels dropped, Siberian people migrated across the land bridge to Alaska in search of game.

9. Landbridge: Beringia from Asia

10. Some moved down the coast all the way to the tip of South America.
Spoke a developed language, made fine clothing of skins, baskets of split cane, spear points, and tools of flint and wove cloth from palmetto fibers.

11. They were nomads who hunted big game and traveled in small extended-family groups of 30-40 people.

12. Mammoth Hunt

13. Mammoth Hunt

14. III. Archaic Period Why did Louisiana Indians build mounds?
Why would people build mounds today?

15. III. Archaic Period (6000-2000 B.C.)
Modern Louisiana climate and landforms are in place.
Become hunter gatherers.
First Indian mounds are built in America.
Stonehenge and Egyptian pyramids are constructed in the Old World.
GLEs: 64, 70, 74, 78

16. A. Archaic Indians
Hunter gatherers who enjoyed a rich, varied diet.
The warming climate made this diet possible.
Food was plentiful, so they didn’t need to travel as much - probably moved with the seasons over a smaller area.

17. They were the original mound builders.
B. Archaic Genius
Practiced maximum forest efficiency and developed a variety of new weapons and tools, including the atlatl
They were the original mound builders.

18. What is an atlatl, and how does it work?
A: A stick about 18 inches long that was used by Archaic Indians to help them throw a spear farther and with greater force than they could throw it by hand.

19. C. Watson Brake
Located near the Ouachita River
Eleven mounds were discovered to have organic material dating back to 3500 B.C.

20. C. Watson Brake
Among the oldest mounds in the United States
Indian Mounds were also found on Louisiana State University (LSU)campus.

21. Louisiana Archaeology Sites

22. **A Short Painful Life (Read more about it on page 79)

23. IV. Neo Period Cultures CULTURE Define Culture.
What characteristics of the environment contributes to the growth and development of a culture?

24. Last prehistoric period of Native Americans
IV. Neo Period (2000 B.C A.D.)
Last prehistoric period of Native Americans
Poverty Point and other cultures rise and fall.
Pottery and bow and arrow are introduced.
GLEs:64, 65, 70, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78

25. What activity do archaeologists believe separates Neo Indian cultures from Archaic Indian cultures?
A: Early attempts to farm.

26. Agriculture is adopted. Mound building reaches its peak.
IV. Neo Period (2000 B.C A.D.)
Agriculture is adopted.
Mound building reaches its peak.
Greek and Roman civilizations rise and fall in the Old World.
GLEs:64, 65, 70, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78

27. A. The Poverty Point Culture
Located in East Carroll Parish near Epps
Today, it is a historic site.
Six huge earthen ridges built in a semi-circle next to Bayou Macon

28. Bird Mound

29. What is the name of one of the largest Indian mounds still standing in the United States? Where is it located?
A: Bird Mound at Poverty Point

30. Mound Building

31. A. The Poverty Point Culture
They were hunter-gathers; Poverty Point was a major trading center.
The Poverty Point culture dominated the Mississippi Valley.

32. **Poverty Point Figurines (Read more about it on page 81)

33. Mystery of Poverty Point

34. Arrowheads

35. B. The Tchefuncte Culture (600 B.C.-200 A.D.)
Appeared after the collapse of the Poverty Point culture
Hunter-Gatherers

36. B. The Tchefuncte Culture (600 B.C.-200 A.D.)
Sites on the Gulf Coast have thick shell middens.
Middens were created when people lived in one place for a long time.

37. B. The Tchefuncte Culture (600 B.C.-200 A.D.)
They ate many mussels & clams & tossed the shells into piles. Over the years, these piles of shells formed ridges called shell middens.
First Louisiana Indians to make large amounts of pottery

38. Who were the first Louisiana Indians to create large amounts of pottery?
A: Tchefuncte Indians

39. C. The Hopewell and Marksville Cultures (200 B.C.- 400 A.D.)
Lived in the Ohio River Valley
Established a complex trade system, built large mounds and earthworks, buried artifact and their dead, and organized powerful governments.

40. C. The Hopewell and Marksville Cultures (200 B.C.- 400 A.D.)
Culture spread and was adapted by the Marksville culture.
Marksville State Historic Site

41. Marksville Burial Mound

42. D. The Troyville-Coles Creek Culture (400-1100 A.D.)
Replaced the Marksville culture
Built larger mounds inside an earthen rampart (levee)
Began cultivating plants such as squash, sunflowers, and gourds

43. D. The Troyville-Coles Creek Culture (400-1100 A.D.)
Marked the beginning of agriculture, which ended Indians’ nomadic lifestyle
Introduced bow and arrow

44. What did the Louisiana Indians eventually use in place of the atlatl
What did the Louisiana Indians eventually use in place of the atlatl? Why?
A: They began using bows and arrows because they were easier to use and more accurate.

45. Cross-Section of a Burial Mound

46. 2,000-Year-Old Pottery

47. E. The Caddo Culture (800 A.D.-Present)
Indians in northwest Louisiana
Very sophisticated people
Complex social class system and powerful rulers
Farmers and traders

48. Name two Indian cultures that buried food, weapons, jewelry, dogs, sacrificial victims and other objects with their dead.
A: The Marksville and Caddo Indians

49. F. The Plaquemine-Mississippian Culture (1000-1500 A.D.)
Farmed and lived in villages

50. **Louisiana Indian Mounds (Read more about it on page 84)

51. V. Historic Indians
How would the lifestyle of the Louisiana Native American change after contact with the Europeans? List 2 ways and explain each.

52. Six Indian language groups and many tribes occupy Louisiana.
V. Historic Indians
Six Indian language groups and many tribes occupy Louisiana.
Europeans arrive in America.
GLEs: 70, 74, 76, 78

53. Historic Louisiana Indians

54. A. The Caddo
Six tribes in northwest Louisiana, southwest Arkansas, east Texas, and southeast Oklahoma
Trading was important.

55. B. The Attakapas “Man-Eater”
Lived in southwest Louisiana and the Texas Gulf Coast
They were cannibals, which means they ate human flesh.

56. Which historic Indian group in Louisiana were cannibalistic?
A: Attakapas

57. C. The Chitimacha
Lived in south-central Louisiana along Bayou Teche and the Atchafalaya River
They farmed, hunted, and fished.

58. D. The Muskogean
Lived in southeast Louisiana around Lake Pontchartrain and the Florida Parishes
Tribes include the Choctaw, Bayougoula, Tangipahoa, Coushatta, Houma, and Quinipissas-Mugalashas.

59. E. The Natchez
Main village was located near modern-day Natchez, Mississippi.
Farmers with a complex class system
Worshipped the sun

60. F. The Tunica
They were great traders.
Lived in modern-day Angola, Louisiana
Joined with another tribe and became Tunica-Biloxi

61. VI. Historic Indian Culture
GLEs: 75, 78, 79, 81

62. Grew three basic crops—corn, beans, and squash
A. Agriculture
Grew three basic crops—corn, beans, and squash
Indians used a method called mound farming.

63. A. Agriculture
Historic Indians rotated crops because some crops robbed nutrients from the soil, and other crops replaced those nutrients.

64. Fish remained an important part of the Indians’ diet—even after they began farming.

65. Indians probably ate a healthier diet than most Europeans.
B. Diet
Indians probably ate a healthier diet than most Europeans.
Soups, breads, cakes, dumplings, hominy, and corn dishes were their favorite foods.

66. They ate fish, deer, and buffalo. They wasted nothing.
B. Diet
They ate fish, deer, and buffalo.
They wasted nothing.

67. The Three Sisters (Corn, Beans, Squash)

68. C. Villages
Some settlements were large cities, while others were just a few homes.
The settlements included family dwellings as well as larger public buildings.
The construction of a dwelling varied according to the tribe and the season.

69. Men were about five-and-a-half feet tall.
D. Personal Appearance
Men were about five-and-a-half feet tall.
Women were about five feet tall.
Both men and women wore breechcloths or skirts
Both were bare-chested.

70. Hairstyles were very important and had significant social meaning.
D. Personal Appearance
Hairstyles were very important and had significant social meaning.
The people adorned themselves with shell, stone, pearls, and large spools
They had elaborate tattoos.

71. Most groups had a creation story.
E. Religion
They believed in animism, which teaches that people associate with spirits every day.
Most groups had a creation story.

72. What is the theory of animism?
A: A belief that everything has a spirit and that nothing is an inanimate object.

73. Animism

74. E. Religion
Shamans are priests or holy people who interact with spirits to ask for help and special favors.

75. Shaman Ecuador

76. Some tribes had several chiefs. They has a complex class system.
F. Society and Women
Some tribes had several chiefs.
They has a complex class system.
It was relatively easy for Indians to move up through the class system.

77. F. Society and Women
Women had great power and influence and did most of the physical labor.
They had a matriarchal system, so women usually owned the houses, fields, and crops.

78. What is a matriarchal system?
A: A matriarchal system gives women most of the power and influence. Women owned their homes, and rights of property come through the mother’s clan or family. Women had the right to divorce their husbands but always raised the children.

79. Chiefs and property descended through the mother’s bloodline.
F. Society and Women
Chiefs and property descended through the mother’s bloodline.
A woman had the right to divorce her husband.

80. Each family believed it descended from a particular animal.
G. Clans & Family:
Each family believed it descended from a particular animal.
Within each tribe were different clans that were like large extended families.

81. Ancestors were honored, and elders were respected.
G. Clans & Family:
Ancestors were honored, and elders were respected.
Children were never whipped, but they were punished in other ways.

82. G. Clans & Family:
Children were usually raised by their mother’s brother, who taught and disciplined them.
A child’s biological fathers was like an uncle, not like a father. He spent most of his time raising his sister’s children.

83. Clans

84. Thieves might be beaten or forced to replace stolen items.
H. Crime and Punishment
Thieves might be beaten or forced to replace stolen items.
Minor crimes were sometimes settled by the guilty party giving the victim a gift.

85. H. Crime and Punishment
Only rape, incest, murder, or witchcraft were punished with the death penalty.

86. VII. Louisiana’s Native Americans Today
How can a tribe maintain its identity pertaining to its culture, in the past, present, and for the future?

87. VII. Louisiana’s Native Americans Today
GLEs:70, 75, 80, 81

88. Four Louisiana tribes have earned federal recognition.
A. Federal Recognition
Our state has one of the largest Indian populations in the entire Southeast.
Four Louisiana tribes have earned federal recognition.

89. A. Federal Recognition
In order to get recognition, the nation must provide historical documents that show it has always existed as a distinct community.
It must prove it has maintained continuous culture and an unbroken line of leadership.

90. A. Federal Recognition
The nation also must prove it descended from a historic group and show where the group lived in the past.

91. Reservation Government

92. B. The Chitimacha
The group has a 260-acre reservation at Charenton with a fish-processing plant, a school, and a museum.

93. A_Visit_to_the_Chitimacha_Reservation Talking_with_ Native_Americans

94. Have about 1,000 acres of land. Make split cane baskets.
C. The Coushatta
Have about 1,000 acres of land.
Make split cane baskets.
Speak one of the most complete Indian languages in the United States.

95. Moved during the Trail of Tears Have a 62-acre reservation near Jena
D. The Choctaw
Moved during the Trail of Tears
Have a 62-acre reservation near Jena

96. E. The Tunica-Biloxi
Have a 132-acre reservation at Marksville.
The Reservation has a casino, cattle herds, a large museum, a conservation laboratory, a housing project, and a police and court system

97. F. State Recognition LA has recognized six Native American tribes:
Caddo-Adais
Choctaw-Apache Community of Ebarb
Clifton Choctaw
Four-Winds Cherokee
United Houma Nation
Louisiana Band of Choctaw

98. Choctaw-Apache Community of Ebarb Clifton Choctaw Four-Winds Cherokee
Name Louisiana’s six state-recognized Indian tribes.
A:Caddo-Adais
Choctaw-Apache Community of Ebarb
Clifton Choctaw
Four-Winds Cherokee
United Houma Nation
Louisiana Band of Choctaw

99. Louisiana’s Indian Reservations

100. **The Chitimacha Cypress Bayou Casino (Read more about it on page 92)

101. Review and Assessment (page 94-95)
GLEs: 7, 8, 65, 70