1. 1916-1929 Unit 5 The Road to World War I through The Roaring 20’s

2. Bell Work On a sheet of paper. Name all the times you can think of that the United States has been invaded/ attacked by another country on our own soil

3. Before We Start With The Lesson Keep These In Mind Theodore Roosevelt Calling The Spanish- American War “Our Merry Little War” American Attitude After The Smashing Of Spain In Cuba And The Pacific United States Becoming A More Globalized Country We Will Soon Be Talking About “The War To End All Wars”

4. Key Players AmericanMexican Woodrow Wilson, President of United States of America John J. “Blackjack” Pershing, General in U.S Army George S. Patton, Captain in U.S. Army Doroteo Arango a.k.a Poncho Villa, Mexican bandit/ Revolutionary

5. Woodrow Wilson Originally From Staunton, Virginia Serves as President of Princeton University Supports Elements of Mexican Revolution

6. John “Blackjack” Pershing School teacher in Nebraska before entering United State Military Academy at West Point Serves with 10 th U.S Cavalry known a “Buffalo Solders” where he is given nickname “Blackjack” Commands U.S forces during Punitive Expedition

7. George S. Patton Enters West Point after attending Virginia Military Institute Begs Pershing for days to be allowed on Pershing’s staff for Punitive Expedition World Class Pistol Shot

8. Poncho Villa Has his first run in with Mexican authorities in his early teens for supposedly killing the man who attacked his sister Becomes involved in Mexican Revolution Forms a group known as Villistas that roam Northern Mexico and become powerful part of Mexican Revolution

9. Columbus, New Mexico Before March 9th

10. Columbus, New Mexico After March 9 th

11. U.S Troops In CampIn The Field

12. See The Differences? Horse PoweredHorsepower

13. U.S Cavalry Patrolling For Poncho Villa Notice the troops are leading their remounts

14. The PE’s Combat Planes

15. Now Do You See The Change? Punitive ExpeditionWorld War I

16. The End The bulk of American forces were withdrawn in January 1917. Pershing publicly claimed the expedition was a success, although privately he complained to family that President Wilson had imposed too many restrictions, which made it impossible for him to fulfill his mission

17. Before We Leave The Punitive Expedition Colonel LeRoy Reeves Grave in Oak Hill Cemetery in Johnson City Johnson City Native Practiced Law before joining Tennessee National Guard Served on the Mexican Border from 1916 until 1917 Designed Tennessee State Flag The Reeves Home is located at 1205 Buffalo St. Johnson City, Tennessee

18. Concluding Questions Can you see the American attitude in phrases like “Our Merry Little War” “The Punitive Expedition” and “War To End All Wars”? Do you see the changes from The Punitive Expedition to World War I?

19. State Standards EH 7.4.2 Identify causes of U.S involvement in WWI EH 7.10.3 Analyze U.S isolationist v. interventionist arguments EH 7.3.1 Recognize progress of political/social reforms 1890-1930 EH7 LE 5.1 Understand the role of U.S. in world affairs

20. EH7 LE 6.1 Understand effect of WWI on American people

21. World War I (The Road to War) Assignment: Draw and label map pg 763 Make sure to color code according to key

22. The Road to War: Europe was no stranger to war--- young men expected it and many looked at it honorably. Two countries that were bitter enemies France and Germany Alsace-Lorraine (France had lost to Germany) Imperialistic arguments power struggles Militarism aggressive military buildup in which the military gained more control of the government & foreign affairs---most European powers engaged in this Ethnic & cultural differences (nationalism) many political boundaries divided ethnic lines Secret treaties and alliances

23. The Road to War: By 1890 Britain was considered the most powerful country in the world… however many countries could challenge. (Germany, U.S. Russia, France, Japan) You make alliances—Britain very popular in US. Germany thought it would make an alliance with Great Britain (France and Russia already aligned) Britain shocked the world and made an alliance with France/Russia

24. Europe Pre-War There had not been a major war in Europe for almost 100 years Since then, countries scrambled to gain as much power and territory as possible. Nationalism and militarism led to alliances being made These would keep many of the powers at bay for the time being

25. Ways To Remember the Alliances TRIPLE ALLIANCE G eorge (Germany) A kers (Austria) H ates (Hungry) I ndiana Jones (Italy) TRIPLE ENTENTE F riends (France) Rarely (Russia) Get Bored (Great Britain)

26. Encirclement: Germany felt surrounded, noose was being drawn around them alliance w/ Austria-Hungry very important.

27. Spark that started the war June 28, 1914: Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand He was heir to the throne in Austria-Hungary Killed in Sarajevo, Bosnia which was a province of Austria-Hungary Bosnia really wanted to be part of Serbia (the two shared the same ethnic background) Bosnia had been a focal point between Austria- Hungary & Serbia Serbia was blamed for the death of the Archduke

28. The Archduke Causes All The Problems On June 28, 1914 the Archduke of Austria FRANCIS Ferdinand (heir to the Austrian Empire) was shot by Gavrilo Princip (a Serbian Anarchist) Princip is commonly associated with the freedom movement Mlada Bosna, which was a group that called for the destruction of the Austrian-Hungrarian (A-H) empire

29. Ferdinand and Princip

30. A Quick Explination A-H against Serbia (over assignation) Germany against Russia (because of Serbia) France against Germany (because of Russia) Germany against Belgium (to attack France) Great Britain against Germany (because of Belgium and France)*

31. Austria-Hungary declared war on Tiny Serbia--- Serbia was an ally of Russia (1914) Russia goes to aid Serbia---then comes Germany--- in comes France Germany plans to hit France quick and hard to knock them out of war so they do not have to fight a 2 front war. To reach France as quickly as possible---German Army had to pass through Belgium Great Britain was protector of Belgium b/c they enter the war

32. The Powers of Europe were drawn into this war took about a week. The Powers of Europe were drawn into this war took about a week. Divided in two sides Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, & Ottoman Empire (sick man of Europe) Allies: Russia, France, Great Britain, Serbia eventually Italy & U.S. Excitement in Air---young men to war Short war (few months) Both sides were confident Germany moves quickly through France come within about 30 miles of Paris & are stopped near Marne River (by combined French & British Forces) Both sides dig in--- a stalemate—neither can gain advantage

34. A new kind of war--- The first modern war Trench Warfare--- trenches dug, filled w/ water, mud, disease, rats (Trench foot) No Man’s Land---- area between the trenches bomb craters, barbed wire, dead bodies The weapons----- machine guns, hand grenades, poison gas, submarines, tanks, airplanes Machine gun ate bodies like flames consume dried wood In one battle British suffer 60,000 casualties (20,000 deaths)

35. Trench Warfare of WWI

36. Problems of Trench Warfare Bad conditions for soldiers- trench foot, lice, rats Fear of being picked off by snipers These were only minor problems when compared to going “over the top” The most deadly problem in WWI was the combining of old tactics with modern weapons Troops would attack in waves against machine gun emplacements and artillery pits

38. The U.S Remains Out Of The Fight Early on GB had blockaded Germany Germans countered the blockade with this new thing called a submarine In February of 1915, German submarines attacked the Lusitania off the coast of Ireland In 1916 German subs again attacked an “unarmed” ship the Sussex This would seal the deal for the United States and bring them into the war- much against President Woodrow Wilson’s best advice

39. In America Some Americans were shocked Many immigrants & children of immigrants felt personally involved German/Irish side w/ Central powers Most Americans identified w/ Great Britain (Kaiser Wilhelm was an autocrat (ruler w/ unlimited power)) offended supporters of democracy British propaganda designed to sway Am View Bottom line 1914 U.S. declares neutrality (U.S. can make money) President Wilson starts a preparedness movement get ready.

40. Factors that led the United States to War Economic relationship to Great Britain German U-Boats--- used to break British blockade & sop supplies to Great Britain---unrestricted sub-war--- would file on ships w/o warning (cargo included) War Information--- Britain cut trans-Atlantic cable from Germany War news came from London Lusitania---- (British) passenger liner sailing from United States to Britain--- attacked & sank by U-Boats (nearly 1200 people die, 128 Americans) Germany promised to give warning to passengers---Sussex France Passenger Ship sank---- American’s threatens to end relations Sussex pledge promise to warn before U-boats attack only last about 1yr & unrestricted war continues.

41. Factors that led the United States to War Zimmerman note: letter to Mexico--- encouraged to attack U.S. enters war against Germany--- Mexico encouraged to attack U.S. (promises them Southwest territory- angers most Americans) Czar Nicholas II losses power in Russia--- Wilson says, “World must be made safe for Democracy” April 1917 U.S. enters the war

42. Building Up The Army The U.S military was a fraction of the size of European armies In May of 1917 Congress passed the Selective Service Act which established a draft

43. The Draft On June 5, 1917, more than 9.6 million American men were registered for the draft Throughout the war 24 million men registered and 2.8 million were drafted*

44. Conscientious Objectors Two major groups- German and Irish Americans- tended to oppose being drafted into the military To quiet these differing opinions, the U.S government would trespass on individual civil liberties…

45. Some would refuse to cooperate with the Selective Service Act Many times this was due to religious beliefs These men were often court-marshaled and sent to prison at Fort Levenworth, Kansas Resisting the draft could cost you prison time and other limits on your freedom It is said that somewhere in the neighborhood of 12% of men that were drafted did not report for duty

46. The Most Famous CO of WWI Alvin York intially resisted the draft for religious opinions but later served He was convinced that it was his patriotic duty to do so In Europe he became the most decorated soldier of the war

47. War on European Front: Before the war U.S. had begun a Preparedness Movement--- get ready, but we are still not ready in 1917. Army was not big enough had about 100,000 men in uniform Military far from Europe mainly in South America & Pacific Untrained national guard

48. War on European Front: At first we send loans & supplies (Europe needs men) Troops sent commanded by John J. Pershing about 15,000--- Black Jack says he needs 1 million Selective Service Act Passed---- wide spread acceptance---“This is the War to end all Wars” By 1918 24 million men register & 3 million were drafted

49. War on European Front: Many others will volunteer 11,000 women volunteered to serve in uniform (nurses, clerks) American soldiers called doughboys African Americans most assigned to non-combat roles Segregated army but Harlem Hell-Fighters earn highest French honors.

50. THE U.S ENTERS THE WAR European leaders, for the most part, had two different ideas about the U.S. entering the war The first, mostly of the Triple Entente, was “It’s about time.” The second, of just about everyone, was to dismiss the United States as a bunch of people who could not get along with themselves much less raise an effective army

51. THE FIRST JOB Because the U.S had been building it’s Navy the most, (thanks to who?) the first job given to the U.S was to protect supply ships coming from the U.S going to Europe This was done with great effectiveness and thrust the U.S Navy on the world stage as an effective navy

52. Convoy Ships German U-Boats

53. The U.S declared war on Germany in April of 1917 Combat troops start flowing into Europe and taking over portions of the Western Front shortly there after The bulk of U.S forces would not arrive until early in 1918

54. General of the Armies John J. Pershing Pershing refuses to split the American forces up among the French and British armies Eventually the army takes part (on their own) in the Second Battle of the Marne and the Battle of Cantigny U.S Marines take part in the Battle of Belleau Wood. The battle (Commanded by Maj. General Omar Bradley) was to resist the German offensive and was the first true combat test of the U.S

55. Future Generals in WWI

56. The Class The Stars Fell On Bradley, Eisenhower, and Patton Of the 164 graduates, 59 earned at least one star (attained the rank of general), the most of any class in the history of the United States Military Academy Two would earn the highest rank in the military and one would be President

57. On the Home Front taxes go up War bonds called liberty bonds---can redeem plus interest (raised 20 billion dollars) Industry shift to producing war time goods Government regulations--- Government manages foods & Fuels vital to the war effort Some items were rationed (mostly people volunteered) Government hoped people would volunteer cut back Meatless Mondays, heatless Thursday, gasless days Reduce waste, plant victory gardens “Food will win the war

58. On the Home Front Daylight Savings Time: move clocks ahead one hour News & Information controlled by the Federal Government one film banned because of how British Troops portrayed in Am. Revolution Committee of Public Information (CPI): headed by George Creel makes pamphlets, films, posters, promotes war

59. Hysteria over the possibility of spies: “Hate the Huns Movement” California board of education bans the teaching of the German language German musicians blacklisted German books removed from Libraries Liberty Measles, Liberty Cabbage German Shepherds= Police dogs

60. Civil Liberties Attacked: Espionage Act: makes it illegal to interfere with the draft Sedition Act: sedition refers to incitement or resistance against a cause--- designed to stop any rebellion about 1000 convictions (Eugene Debs-10yr jail sentence) Upheld by the Supreme Court (Schenck v. U.S.) Charles Schenck urged those drafted not to report for duty. Violated the espionage act. Court said government justified in silencing speech when there is a clear and present danger.

61. African Americans and Latin Americans recruited into the workplace Women get jobs that were once only open to men & some get management positions These are steps toward Equality

62. Assignment: Write a letter to Europe about home front

63. Facts and Figures For The U.S In World War One By June 1917, there were 14,000 U.S. soldiers in France, and by May of the next year there were one million American troops During the Battle of Saint-Mihiel, Pershing commanded the American First Army, more than 500,000 men This was followed by the Meuse- Argonne offensive, during which Pershing commanded more than one million American and French soldiers. The United States by the summer of 1918 was sending 10,000 fresh soldiers to France every day American forces sustained about 360,000 casualties, including 116,000 dead Some 50,000 of them were killed in action or died of wounds—and 234,000 wounded

64. The War Ends Just as U.S troops start to gain more experience fighting the war ends One the 11 th hour of the 11 th day of the 11 th month the Germans surrendered in a railway car in Compiegne, France

65. End of War: The War Toll Nov. 11, 1918: Fighting Ends on the 11 th day, 11 th hour, 11 th month. It is estimated that about 10 million men died on the battlefield (about 5,000 a day) It is estimated another 20 million died of things related to the war (disease) 6 million were left crippled: Russia: 1,700,000 France: 1,375,000 Germany: 1,800,000 Britain: 900,000 U.S.: 100,000 “An entire generation was wiped out”

66. Wilson Peace Plan: would promote “peace between equals Plan would be knows as: 14 Points End secret alliances Respect colonial populations---self determination policy Nations join an association “God only has 10” Rest of Allies looking to permanently weaken Germany

67. Wilson Steps In With His Fourteen Points Wilson created the points as an answer to the growing spectualtion of the Europeans as to the aims of the U.S after the war They stressed a peace inspired by noble ideals and not of greed and veneance

68. The Peace Conference Held in Paris-Wilson himself attends. (Wilson claims no interest in the spoils of war) Treaty would be established by the big four: U.S., Great Britain, France, & Italy

69. The Peace Conference: The Treaty of Versailles The Treaty of Versailles –Wilson does not get what he wants but gets: League of Nations an organization in which nations of the world would join to secure peace & security. Attack on one is an attack on all US refuses to join politics France gains Alsace-Loraine

70. The Peace Conference: The Treaty of Versailles Germany must shoulder full blame of the war Germany must surrender all overseas colonies Germany must pay reparations of 33 billion dollars Germany’ rearmament is to be limited Allies take control of the German economy This was designed to humiliate Germany This will make US the World’s Strongest Country

71. League of Nations As part of the peace agreement, Wilson proposed the idea of a League of Nations The league would work as a police force to keep a world war from never occurring again Despite Wilson proposing the idea, the U.S never joined.

72. Assignment: Students should work in groups to prepare a peace treaty (if time permits)

73. Post War America: Demobilization: shift from war time to peace time Difficult Process Soldiers look for jobs Cost of living goes up (demand more than supply) Recession: war industries no longer needed Farmers lose European Markets cannot pay debts

74. Labor Strikes in U.S.(1919 total of 3,600) After the war prices were high, workers were angry they lost gains made during war Seattle General Strike: 60,000 laborers go on strike from Garbage collectors to carpenters Steel Strike: 365,000 steelworkers, harsh working conditions, 7 days a week, 12 hr days, 24 hr shifts Boston Police Strike: 75% of Boston Police forces go on strike. (Governor Calvin Coolidge called out the National Guard)

75. All Strikes Fail: Press blames immigrants People believe communist behind strikes (Revolution in Russia, Communist called for a world wide revolution) Less than 1% of Americans Support (Communist Ideas)

76. The Red Scare: A period of Anti-Communist hysteria Causes Labor Strikes of 1919 Revolution in Russia (Communist call for worldwide overthrow through worker revolts) Terrorist Activity 40 mail bombs intercepted Senators maid (GA Senator maid got mail and blew up in her hands) The Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer: bomb damages front of his house (looking for an excuse to gain popularity wants to run for president)

77. Palmer Raids: all out crusades against communist many immigrants are targeted. About 6000 immigrants rounded up Deports about 600 some had already gained citizenship, some were not given trials

78. America becomes scared of immigrants (Fear) 1921 Emergency Quota Act: cuts # of people admitted to U.S. ; reduced again in 1924, worked to limit eastern & southern Europeans (Communist)

79. Nativist There had been long standing Nativist feeling in the United States going back to the Chinese restriction acts On the eve of WWI Congress was able to pass a law requiring immigrants to take literacy tests Those who could not read and write in their own language were not allowed in the U.S

80. QUOTA LAWS AND SYSTEMS WWI, Russia’ Revolution, and the Red Scare all added to this Nativist fervor in America Two important laws passed in the 20’s that put into action those nativist feelings The Emergency Quota Act of 1921 and the National Origins Act of 1924 established the quota systems to govern immigration for specific countries

81. National Origins Act The NOA was set up on a simple formula: The number of immigrants of a given nationality living each year could not exceed 2% of the number of people of that same nationality in the United States in 1890 1890 was chosen for a specific reason, what reason do you think it is?

82. An Example Say there are 100,000 Irish living in America in 1890 This would mean that only 2,000 Irish could come in each year after the NOA was passed In reality the acted allow roughly 65,000 immigrants from England and Northern Ireland, but only 5,000 from Italy

83. Sacco & Vanzetti: 2 Italian anarchist believe society should be without government Why??? Blamed government for war, poverty, evil In 1921 against them Italian Immigrants Anarchists Accused of Robbery & Murder based on eye witness account “they looked Italian” bias judge. Sacco-guilty; Vanzetti-Innocent

84. Polarization in the 1920’s: Examples: Wets v. Dry’s 1919 18 th Amendment made the manufacture, sale, or transport of alcohol illegal. Wets: wanted to do away with prohibition Dry’s: supported it Prohibition Fails Why????? Hard to enforce: bootleggers, moonshiners, rumrunners etc… Many deaths: bath tub gin, speakeasies Boosted organized crime: did not help morality

85. Polarization in the 1920’s: Examples: Rural America v. Urban America Urban Americans more liberal with different set of values

86. Polarization in the 1920’s: Examples: The 1920 census reported that for the first time in American history more people lived in urban area that rural areas This showed in the openness to change in social and scientific values Fundamentalism v. Modernism: Fundamentalism: movement that believed in the literal interpretation of the Bible Modernism: modern scientific learning could go hand in hand w/ the Bible Fundamentals: opposed dancing, card playing, drinking Example: Scopes Monkey Trial 1925 Dayton, TN John Scopes teaches evolution in school

87. The Scopes Monkey Trial The "Scopes Trial“, often called the "Scopes Monkey Trial") was an American legal case that tested the Butler Act, which made it unlawful, in any state-funded educational establishment often in the South Butler Act “to teach any theory that denies the story of the Divine Creation of man as taught in the Bible, and to teach instead that man has descended from a lower order of animals." The case was a critical turning point in the United States' creation-evolution controversy.

88. The Case John Scopes, a high school teacher, was charged on May 5, 1925 with teaching evolution from a chapter in a textbook which showed ideas set out in Charles Darwin's book On the Origin of Species. Three-time presidential candidate, Congressman and former Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan headed up the prosecution, while prominent trial attorney Clarence Darrow spoke for the defense. The highlight of the trial came when Darrow called Bryan to the stand as an expert of the Bible. Byran supported the idea that the Bible held the literal truth Scopes was later found guilty of breaking the law and fined 100 dollars

89. The Trial Hot July, Circus atmosphere, scientific testimony is ruled out, Bryan was called to the stand as an expert on the Bible. Scopes found guilty 100 dollar fine Based on Butler law---around until 1967 Hillsboro-Dayton Bert Cates-John Scopes Henry Drummond-Clarence Darrow Matthew Harrison Brady-William Jennings Bryan E.K. Hornbeck- H.L. Menmen

90. Why This Matters After World War One, the economy grew like it had never before. This doesn’t mean the best for women and African Americans who were displaced by returning veterans The boom changed the lives of millions of people and helped create the modern consumer economy that we still see today

91. The Auto Industry Takes Off Much of the growth was caused by the auto industry that has grown during the war. Factories quickly changed back their production from tanks and heavy truck for the army to car for the comsumer Henry Ford was at the forefront of this revolution. Though he did not invent the idea of mass production, he expand the idea Mass production was used on everything from typewriters to cigars.

92. So Long As It Is In Black  Early cars had been marketed to the people, but Ford was the first to take a very reliable car to the American people.  The first Model T Ford sold for $850 and came in any color you wanted “so long as it was black”

93. The assmebly line reduced the cost and time it took Ford Motor Company to build a car In two year the time it took to build a Model T from 12 hours to 90 minutes The cost of the Model T fell from $350 in 1916 to $290 in 1927

94. In 1919 only 10% of American had a car By 1927, 56% did. This meant more money for the auto worker too. Wages went up from $2.35 to $5 in a day Ford reduced the work day from 9 to 8 hours And for the first time workers received the weekend off

95. Spin-Off Industries While business in railroads, and taxies declined, others went through the roof The steel, glass, timber, coal, gasoline, oil, and rubber industries all benefited from the boom in the auto industry Also families started vacationing as they never had before which lead to gain is the hospitality and recreation field. The automobile also effected suburban life as well, as families moved farther out of the heart of cites, but remained close to their jobs.*

96. Consumer Habits and Growth In Cities People who did not have cash readily available to them began purchasing in ways they had never had before The first was through installment buying-the buyer would put a small down payment on a purchase, then pay on it in regular installments The second was buying on margin- buying on credit. Finally you have consumers investing in the stock market on a higher level than ever before People also began flocking to cities from the country to work in a variety of industries. Many of these were African Americans as part of the Great Migration that we have talked about With the automobile, workers could live farther out of the dirty cities and drive into town to work This is much like it is today when people live in suburbs and drive into bigger cities to work

97. The Harding Administration Instead of pursuing reform as the progressives had, Harding and later Calvin Coolidge favored more conservative policies that aided growth in businesses Harding signaled a new economic notion by naming Andrew Mellon as Secretary of the Treasury. Mellon was a wealthy banker, and in the future make decisions that benefited the banking industry.*

98. Harding and Mellon

99. The Ohio Gang The Tea Pot Dome Scandal Many say that Harding’s friendliness did not make up for his lack of understanding for the demands of the Presidency Harding surrounded himself with a group of his friends and other less than honest public servants- “The Ohio Gang” Over many late night poker games, these “advisers” would “help” Harding run the country The Harding administration faced it’s worst scandal with the Teapot Dome scandal that broke in 1923. Sec. of the Interior Albert Fall arranged to transfer oil reserves from California to Teapot Dome Wyoming. Once in Wyoming, Fall leased these reserves to private investors for “loans” that later turned out to be bribes

100. Poor Ole Harding Here is a quote Harding gave to a newspaper while President “I listen to one side and they seem right..I talk to the other side, and they seem just as right, and here I am where I started..What a job!”

101. Harding to Silent Cal Returning from a trip to Alaska Harding had a heart attack and died on August 2 of 1924 When new reached Vice President Calvin Coolidge he had his father, a justice of peace, swear him in on the family bible

102. Calvin Who? Coolidge’s presidency was a mixed bag. He left Mellon in the Treasury and followed many of the same economic policies of Harding However, Coolidge did very little to help in labor troubles, and racial discrimination He felt that it was not the government’s job to legislate economic but not social changes

103. Harding and Coolidge On The World Stage Under Harding and Coolidge the United States continues to play and increasingly important role in world affairs and trade In 1921 and 1922 diplomates garther in Washington D.C in order to stop a growing Naval Arms race- much like the arms races before WWI These leaders agreeded to limit construction of large warships and formed a settlement that came to be known as the Washington Naval Disarmament Conferance- It did very little but calmed the fears and raise hopes that the world could solve problems without a war

104. The Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928 Sec. Of State Frank B. Kellogg and French Foreign Minister Aristide Briand drew up a treaty to “outlaw” wars. Eventually 62 nations signed the treaty but everyone knew that it really had just a snowball’s chance of ever working

105. The Culture Of The 1920’s Issues that we’re going to cover Prohibition 1920’s Movies Sports Jazz, Ragtime, and Swing Music The Lost Generation The Harlem Renaissance

106. Prohibition Since the 1800’s temperance reformed has crusaded against alcohol. In 1917 75% of Americans lived in “dry” counties Temperance was most supported by women, who often experienced first hand the effects of too much alcohol

107. In 1919, the United States ratified the Eighteen Amendment to the Constitution, which forbade the manufacture, distribution, and sale of alcohol anywhere in the United States.

108. Although it was highly controversial, Prohibition was supported by diverse groups. Progressives believed that it would improve society and the Ku Klux Klan strongly supported its strict enforcement as generally did women, southerners, those living in rural areas, and African-Americans

109. There were a few exceptions such as the Woman’s Organization for Prohibition Reform who fought against it. Will Rogers often joked about the southern pro- prohibitionists: "The South is dry and will vote dry. That is, everybody sober enough to stagger to the polls."

110. Bootleggers Often times bootlegger (those who made alcohol illegally) used creative ways to not only make the hootch but sell it Many government officials originally hired to enforce the Volstead Act would actually take bribes to allow bootleggers to conduct business

111. The Real McCoy With the start of Prohibition Captain William McCoy began to bring rum from the Caribbean to Florida through Government Cut. The law caught up with him, so he began to bring the illegal goods to just outside of the U.S. territorial waters and let smaller boats take it to the U.S McCoy installed mounted a concealed machine gun on his ships’, deck. McCoy’s ships hauled mostly Irish and Canadian whiskey, from Maine to Florida.

112. In the days of rum running, it was common for captains to add water to the bottles to stretch their profits, or to re- label it as better goods. McCoy became famous for never watering his booze,. This is one of several reputed origins of the term "The Real McCoy."

113. The issue of Prohibition became a highly controversial one among medical professionals, because alcohol was widely prescribed by physicians of the era for therapeutic purposes. Congress held hearings on the medicinal value of beer in 1921. Subsequently, physicians across the country lobbied for the repeal of Prohibition as it applied to medicinal liquors. While the manufacture, sale, and transport of alcohol was illegal in the U.S., Section 29 of the Volstead Act allowed the making at home of wine and cider from fruit (but not beer). Up to 200 gallons per year could be made, and some vineyards grew grapes for home use

114. Many of Chicago's most notorious gangsters, including Al Capone and his enemy Bugs Moran, made millions of dollars through illegal alcohol sales. By the end of the decade Capone controlled all 10,000 speakeasies in Chicago and ruled the bootlegging business from Canada to Florida. Numerous other crimes, including theft and murder, were directly linked to criminal activities in Chicago and elsewhere in violation of prohibition.

115. Problems (besides bootlegging) of Prohibition Racketeering happened when powerful gangs corrupted law enforcement agencies. Stronger liquor surged in popularity because its potency made it more profitable to smuggle. The cost of enforcing Prohibition was high, and the lack of tax revenues on alcohol (some $500 million annually nationwide) affected government coffers. When repeal of Prohibition occurred in 1933, organized crime lost nearly all of its black market alcohol profits in most states (states still had the right to enforce their own laws concerning alcohol consumption), because of competition with low-priced alcohol sales at legal liquor stores

116. Prohibition also resulted in illicit speakeasies becoming lively venues of the "Jazz Age", an era when popular music included current dance songs, novelty songs, and show tunes. Jazz started to get a reputation as being immoral and many members of the older generations saw it as threatening the old values in culture and promoting the new decadent values of the Roaring 20s

117. Dixieland or Rag Time in the ‘20s Many early jazz performers played in the brothels and bars of red-light district around Basin Street called "Storyville.“ Small bands of self-taught African American musicians, many from the funeral- procession tradition of New Orleans, played a seminal role in the development of early jazz-ocms

118. Swing Music Key figures in developing the "big" jazz band included bandleaders and arrangers Count Basie, Cab Calloway, Duke Ellington, Earl Hines, Glenn Miller, and Artie Shaw. Though swing was more popular in the 1930’s and 40’s it got it’s start in the 1920’s* count basie

119. Tie-Ins The 1920’s where a decade of social change. With economic laze-faire policies and the post-war boom Americans had less to worry about and so focused more on social change American will not see such a drastic social and cultural change until the 1960’s

120. Terms of the Times: Flappers: New Age Woman of the 20’s; rebellious; energetic; fun-loving; bold; smoked; drove cars; shorter skirts; danced; wore make up -helped create modern America Small # of American Women (huge impact on fashion, dress, & hair)

121. Demographics: statistics that describe a population Examples: race, income, area where living 1920 1 st time in history more American’s in urban areas than rural areas (life for farmers too hard after the war)

122. Heroes of the 1920’s: Charles Lindbergh 1927: flew the Spirit of St Louis 1 st flight across the Atlantic N.Y. to Paris 33.5 hrs -no auto-pilot, $25,000prize -soon after son kidnapped & murdered

123. Heroes of the 1920’s: Amelia Earhart 1928: first woman to fly across the Atlantic (passenger) 1932 solo Also goes to Hawaii Tried to fly around the world & disappeared

124. Sports of The 1920’s The Roaring Twenties is seen as the breakout decade for sports in America. Their exploits were loudly and highly praised in the new "gee whiz" style of sports journalism that was emerging;.* christabell

125. Heroes of the 1920’s: George Herman (Babe) Ruth: Baseball player Boston Red Sox & N.Y. Yankees known as the Sultan of Swat

126. Baseball Baseball experienced what some have called it’s Golden Era during the twenties. Babe Ruth, Joe Jackson, and Lou Gehrig all experienced great success in the 1920’s

127. A former bar room brawler named Jack Dempsey won the world heavyweight boxing title and became the most celebrated pugilist of his time. College football captivated fans, with notables such as Red Grange, running back of the University of Illinois, and Knute Rockne who coached Notre Dame's football program to great success on the field and nation-wide notoriety. *

128. Dempsey The Four Horsemen

129. Mass Media : print & broad cast methods of communicating information to large numbers of people. Movies, Newspapers & Magazines, 1922 500 radio stations

130. To Open Up The Cultural Aspects Like we talked about yesterday, the 1920’s saw a huge cultural change in the United States Women and African American experience the most change they have ever With the Harlem Renaissance African Americans come into the public consciences for the first time in a positive light Women also break down many doors with their new ways of dress, language, and actions

131. The New Mass Culture IntroFelix The Cat While the automobile helped change the American culture, it was not the only component to the Roaring ’20’s Radio, Sports, The Movies and Music all added to the rowdiness of the decade

132. The Movies With free time like they’ve never had before Americans flocked to the movies which was a very new source of entertainment Technologies in the movie industry rose to new heights during the 1920’s

133. During the decade anywhere from 60 to 100 million Americans went to the movies each week They paid their five cents and packed ornate movie theaters

134. THE JAZZ SINGER The 1927 film THE JAZZ SINGER was the first to synchronize sound with the movie Al Jolson was the first to actually speak, not pantomime on film Silent films, which had dominated for year, quickly faded from the scene