1. Chapter 30 THE TURBULENT SIXTIES America Past and Present Eighth Edition Divine  Breen  Fredrickson  Williams  Gross  Brand Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman

3. Kennedy Intensifies the Cold War John F. Kennedy a "Cold Warrior"John F. Kennedy a "Cold Warrior" Kennedy advisors supported U.S. hard line against RussiaKennedy advisors supported U.S. hard line against Russia

4. Flexible Response Arms buildupArms buildup Conventional armed forcesConventional armed forces The nuclear arsenalThe nuclear arsenal Special ForcesSpecial Forces U.S. strength tempted new administration to challenge U.S.S.R.U.S. strength tempted new administration to challenge U.S.S.R.

5. Crisis over Berlin 1961: Khrushchev renewed threat again to give Berlin to East Germany1961: Khrushchev renewed threat again to give Berlin to East Germany Kennedy’s responseKennedy’s response Announce crisis on nationwide televisionAnnounce crisis on nationwide television Call up the National GuardCall up the National Guard Soviets built Berlin WallSoviets built Berlin Wall

6. Containment in Southeast Asia Kennedy saw Southeast Asia as focus of U.S.-Soviet rivalryKennedy saw Southeast Asia as focus of U.S.-Soviet rivalry Supported Saigon’s Diem regimeSupported Saigon’s Diem regime Sent 16,000 American military "advisors"Sent 16,000 American military "advisors" November, 1963: Coup against DiemNovember, 1963: Coup against Diem Kennedy acceptedKennedy accepted Coup further destabilized South VietnamCoup further destabilized South Vietnam U.S. involvement in Vietnam deepenedU.S. involvement in Vietnam deepened

7. Containing Castro: The Bay of Pigs Fiasco Kennedy supported “anti-Castro forces in exile”Kennedy supported “anti-Castro forces in exile” Bay of Pigs invasion a part of 1960 CIA plan under EisenhowerBay of Pigs invasion a part of 1960 CIA plan under Eisenhower April, 17 1961: InvasionApril, 17 1961: Invasion 1,400 Cuban exiles land without expected U.S. military support1,400 Cuban exiles land without expected U.S. military support Defeated within 48 hoursDefeated within 48 hours Kennedy took responsibility in defiant speech against “communist penetration”Kennedy took responsibility in defiant speech against “communist penetration”

8. Containing Castro: The Cuban Missile Crisis October, 1962: Soviet nuclear missiles confirmed in CubaOctober, 1962: Soviet nuclear missiles confirmed in Cuba Planned to blockade, invade CubaPlanned to blockade, invade Cuba U.S. imposed naval blockade, world appeared to be on the brink of nuclear warU.S. imposed naval blockade, world appeared to be on the brink of nuclear war Khrushchev agreed to remove missiles in exchange for public statement that U.S. would not invade Cuba and private assurance that U.S. Jupiter missiles in Turkey would be removedKhrushchev agreed to remove missiles in exchange for public statement that U.S. would not invade Cuba and private assurance that U.S. Jupiter missiles in Turkey would be removed

9. Containing Castro: The Cuban Missile Crisis PoliticalPolitical Kennedy’s popularity soaredKennedy’s popularity soared Democrats gained in Congressional electionsDemocrats gained in Congressional elections Diplomatic effectsDiplomatic effects Moderation of the Cold WarModeration of the Cold War Russians began naval, nuclear buildupRussians began naval, nuclear buildup

10. The New Frontier at Home Kennedy staff competent, activistKennedy staff competent, activist Seeks legislative and economic reformSeeks legislative and economic reform JFK the administration's greatest assetJFK the administration's greatest asset

11. The Congressional Obstacle Congress controlled by Southern Democrat-Republican coalitionCongress controlled by Southern Democrat-Republican coalition Coalition blocked far-reaching reformCoalition blocked far-reaching reform Kennedy did not challenge CongressKennedy did not challenge Congress

12. Economic Advance Economic stimulationEconomic stimulation Increased space and defense spendingIncreased space and defense spending Informal wage and price guidelinesInformal wage and price guidelines 1962: U.S. Steel forced to lower prices1962: U.S. Steel forced to lower prices 1963: Tax cut spurred one of the longest sustained advances in U.S. history1963: Tax cut spurred one of the longest sustained advances in U.S. history Kennedy's economic policies doubled growth, cut unemploymentKennedy's economic policies doubled growth, cut unemployment

13. Moving Slowly on Civil Rights Downplay civil rights legislation to avoid alienating Southern DemocratsDownplay civil rights legislation to avoid alienating Southern Democrats May, 1961: Federal marshals sent to protect Birmingham freedom ridersMay, 1961: Federal marshals sent to protect Birmingham freedom riders 1962: Federal marshals, National Guard to University of Mississippi1962: Federal marshals, National Guard to University of Mississippi 1963: Deputy attorney general faced down George Wallace at University of Alabama1963: Deputy attorney general faced down George Wallace at University of Alabama

14. "I Have a Dream" May, 1963: Violent police suppression of nonviolent protestors in BirminghamMay, 1963: Violent police suppression of nonviolent protestors in Birmingham Kennedy intervened on side of blacksKennedy intervened on side of blacks Congress asked for civil-rights lawsCongress asked for civil-rights laws August, 1963: MLK led march on WashingtonAugust, 1963: MLK led march on Washington Kennedy record disappointing to supporters, ultimately effectiveKennedy record disappointing to supporters, ultimately effective

15. The Supreme Court and Reform Defendants’ rights in criminal casesDefendants’ rights in criminal cases Gideon vs. Wainwright, Esobedo vs. Iliionois, Miranda vs. ArizonaGideon vs. Wainwright, Esobedo vs. Iliionois, Miranda vs. Arizona Legislative reapportionment of statesLegislative reapportionment of states 1962: Baker vs. Carr establishes "one man, one vote"1962: Baker vs. Carr establishes "one man, one vote" Greater social justice achievedGreater social justice achieved Rights of the underprivileged protectedRights of the underprivileged protected Dissent and free expression protectedDissent and free expression protected Engle vs. Vitale banned school prayerEngle vs. Vitale banned school prayer

16. "Let Us Continue" November 22, 1963: JFK assassinated by Lee Harvey OswaldNovember 22, 1963: JFK assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald Lyndon Johnson promised to continue Kennedy's programsLyndon Johnson promised to continue Kennedy's programs Johnson ultimately exceeded Kennedy’s record on economic, racial equalityJohnson ultimately exceeded Kennedy’s record on economic, racial equality

17. Johnson in Action Poor image on televisionPoor image on television Effective manager of CongressEffective manager of Congress Spring, 1964: Kennedy's tax cut passedSpring, 1964: Kennedy's tax cut passed July 2: Civil Rights ActJuly 2: Civil Rights Act Banned public segregationBanned public segregation Established Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to lessen job discriminationEstablished Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to lessen job discrimination Protected voting rightsProtected voting rights Amended to include women in an attempt to reduce support for itAmended to include women in an attempt to reduce support for it

18. The Election of 1964 1964: Johnson launched “war on poverty” to1964: Johnson launched “war on poverty” to Programs included Head Start, Job Corps, Community Action ProgramsPrograms included Head Start, Job Corps, Community Action Programs Encouraged self-helpEncouraged self-help Reduced povertyReduced poverty Johnson won landslide election against Republican Barry GoldwaterJohnson won landslide election against Republican Barry Goldwater

19. The Triumph of Reform 1965: Great Society legislation advanced beyond New Deal1965: Great Society legislation advanced beyond New Deal MedicareMedicare MedicaidMedicaid Elementary and Secondary Education ActElementary and Secondary Education Act Voting Rights ActVoting Rights Act

20. African American Voter Registration Before and After Passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1964

21. The Second Great Migration: A Theoretical Example

23. Johnson Escalates the Vietnam War Hawkish foreign policy continuedHawkish foreign policy continued 1965: Troops sent to Dominican Republic1965: Troops sent to Dominican Republic Determined not to "lose" Vietnam to the CommunistsDetermined not to "lose" Vietnam to the Communists

24. The Vietnam Dilemma 1964: Saigon on the verge of collapse1964: Saigon on the verge of collapse Johnson’s initial response Johnson’s initial response Refused to send American combat forcesRefused to send American combat forces Economic aidEconomic aid Military advisersMilitary advisers Covert actionsCovert actions August 1964: Gulf of Tonkin Resolution gives Johnson authority to escalate in VietnamAugust 1964: Gulf of Tonkin Resolution gives Johnson authority to escalate in Vietnam

25. Southeast Asia and the Vietnam War

26. Escalation U.S. effort intended to bring Hanoi into peace negotiationsU.S. effort intended to bring Hanoi into peace negotiations Policy of secrecy and deceit to assure Americans of Vietnam’s insignificance and keep Vietnam from endangering the Great SocietyPolicy of secrecy and deceit to assure Americans of Vietnam’s insignificance and keep Vietnam from endangering the Great Society Johnson’s “sins” in Vietnam were secrecy, deceit, and the refusing to admit he had committed U.S. to dangerous conflictJohnson’s “sins” in Vietnam were secrecy, deceit, and the refusing to admit he had committed U.S. to dangerous conflict

27. Stalemate 1968: 500,000 U.S. troops in Vietnam1968: 500,000 U.S. troops in Vietnam War of attrition increased American losses, enraged South VietnameseWar of attrition increased American losses, enraged South Vietnamese Johnson’s tactics failed to win the warJohnson’s tactics failed to win the war Americans gradually turned against the warAmericans gradually turned against the war

28. U.S. Troop Levels in Vietnam (as of Dec. 31 each year)

29. Years of Turmoil Exceptional unrest at homeExceptional unrest at home Continued escalation of Vietnam warContinued escalation of Vietnam war

30. The Student Revolt 1964: Student protest movement launched at Berkeley1964: Student protest movement launched at Berkeley Challenged older generation’s materialismChallenged older generation’s materialism Vietnam War targetedVietnam War targeted Widespread cultural uprisingWidespread cultural uprising Students for a Democratic Society fullest expression of student revoltStudents for a Democratic Society fullest expression of student revolt

31. Protesting the Vietnam War October, 1967: 100,000 protesters besieged the PentagonOctober, 1967: 100,000 protesters besieged the Pentagon Demonstrations suppressed by a combination of force, concessionsDemonstrations suppressed by a combination of force, concessions

32. The Cultural Revolution Rejection of older values throughRejection of older values through Sexual expressionSexual expression ClothingClothing DrugsDrugs MusicMusic Some extremism provoked outrageSome extremism provoked outrage Serious challenge to hypocrisy of American societySerious challenge to hypocrisy of American society

33. "Black Power" 1964–1967: Riots in northern cities1964–1967: Riots in northern cities Rise of militant leadersRise of militant leaders Black separatismBlack separatism Armed struggleArmed struggle MLK led anti-poverty crusadeMLK led anti-poverty crusade April, 1968: MLK assassinatedApril, 1968: MLK assassinated Militancy increased African American prideMilitancy increased African American pride

34. Ethnic Nationalism Multiple groups emulated African American movementMultiple groups emulated African American movement 1965: César Chávez organized National Farm Workers' Association1965: César Chávez organized National Farm Workers' Association Chicanos won federal mandate for bilingual educationChicanos won federal mandate for bilingual education

35. Women's Liberation 1963: Friedan's The Feminine Mystique1963: Friedan's The Feminine Mystique New feminist activismNew feminist activism 1964 Civil Rights Act used to attack inequality in employment1964 Civil Rights Act used to attack inequality in employment Pro-choice advocacy on abortionPro-choice advocacy on abortion Sought to toughen enforcement of rape lawsSought to toughen enforcement of rape laws 1972: Congress sent Equal Rights Amendment to the states1972: Congress sent Equal Rights Amendment to the states

36. The Return of Richard Nixon 1968: A year of turmoil1968: A year of turmoil Presidential electionPresidential election Turning point in the Vietnam WarTurning point in the Vietnam War Massive protests in the streetsMassive protests in the streets Richard Nixon election demonstrated desire for national reconciliationRichard Nixon election demonstrated desire for national reconciliation

37. Vietnam Undermines Lyndon Johnson 1968: Tet Offensive led to conclusion that Vietnam war cannot be won1968: Tet Offensive led to conclusion that Vietnam war cannot be won March: Johnson announced he will not seek another term as presidentMarch: Johnson announced he will not seek another term as president

38. The Democrats Divide RivalsRivals Minnesota Senator Eugene McCarthyMinnesota Senator Eugene McCarthy Robert KennedyRobert Kennedy Party leaders favored Hubert HumphreyParty leaders favored Hubert Humphrey Kennedy assassinated during campaignKennedy assassinated during campaign 1968 Democratic convention in Chicago besieged by antiwar protestors1968 Democratic convention in Chicago besieged by antiwar protestors Democrats wounded in public opinionDemocrats wounded in public opinion

39. The Republican Resurgence Republicans united on Richard NixonRepublicans united on Richard Nixon George Wallace’s third party candidacy drew Democratic votesGeorge Wallace’s third party candidacy drew Democratic votes Nixon won narrow victoryNixon won narrow victory

41. The End of an Era Election of 1968 ended 30-year era of liberal reform, activist foreign policyElection of 1968 ended 30-year era of liberal reform, activist foreign policy Americans sought less intrusive governmentAmericans sought less intrusive government