1. LAB EXERCISE 8 MEMBRANES

2. Membranes –Line or cover body surfaces –Consist of epithelium supported by connective tissue Four Types of Membranes 1.Cutaneous membrane 2.Mucous membranes 3.Synovial membranes 4.Serous membranes

3. Cutaneous membrane –Covers surface of body –Skin –Relatively thick, waterproof, and dry comparatively –Tissues Include »Stratified squamous epithelium »Dense irregular connective tissue »Loose areolar CT Membranes

4. Mucous membranes –Line organs that communicate to the outside –Located in digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts –Epithelial surfaces must be moist To reduce friction To facilitate absorption and excretion »Lubricated by mucus or bodily fluids –Supported by areolar connective tissue of the lamina propria

5. Synovial membranes –Line moving, articulating joint cavities –Produce synovial fluid (lubricant) –Protect the ends of bones –Lack a true epithelium Membranes

6. Serous membranes –Line cavities that do not open to the outside –Mesothelium supported by areolar connective tissue Are thin but strong –Have a liquid fluid called transudate to reduce friction and allows the viscera to slide somewhat during movements. Membranes

7. Serous membranes –Have a parietal portion covering the cavity –Have a visceral portion (serosa) covering the organs –Three subdivisions of ventral body cavity Pleura –Line pleural cavity and cover the lungs Peritoneum –Line peritoneal cavity and cover visceral organs Pericardium –Line pericardial cavity and cover the heart Membranes

8. Serous Membranes PericardiumPleura

9. Serous Membrane Peritoneum Peritoneum –Largest serous membrane of the body –Visceral layer Covers organs –Parietal layer Lines the walls of body cavity Peritoneal cavity –Slim space containing a bit of serous fluid between the parietal & visceral layers

10. Abdominal Organs Retroperitoneal organs –These organs are posterior to the peritoneum and lose their mesentery Kidneys, Pancreas and parts of the large intestine Intraperitoneal organs –Digestive organs that remain in the peritoneal cavity and maintain their mesentery The rest

11. MEDICAL IMAGING A specialized branch of anatomy and physiology that is essential for the diagnosis of many disorders is medical imaging, one division of which is radiography, which includes the use of x-rays. Medical imaging techniques allow physicians to peer inside the body to provide clues to abnormal anatomy and deviations from normal physiology in order to help diagnose disease.

12. Conventional Radiography A single burst of xrays Produces 2-D image on film Known as radiography or xray Poor resolution of soft tissues Major use is osteology

13. Computed Tomography (CT Scan) Moving x-ray beam Image produced on a video monitor of a cross- section through body Computer generated image reveals more soft tissue detail –kidney & gallstones Multiple scans used to build 3D views

14. Digital Subtraction Angiography(DSA) Radiopaque material injected into blood vessels Before and after images compared with a computer program Image of blood vessel is shown on a monitor

15. Ultrasound (US) High-frequency sound waves emitted by hand- held device Safe, noninvasive & painless Image or sonogram is displayed on video monitor Used for fetal ultrasound and examination of pelvic & abdominal organs, heart and blood flow through blood vessels

16. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Body exposed to high-energy magnetic field Protons align themselves relative to magnetic field Pulse of radiowaves used to generate an image on video monitor Can not use on patient with metal in their body Reveals fine detail within soft tissues

17. Positron Emission Tomography(PET) Substance that emits positively charged particles is injected into body Collision with negatively charged electrons in tissues releases gamma rays Camera detects gamma rays & computer generates image displayed on monitor