1. Plant Structure and Function

2. Types of Plant Cells Parenchyma
Thin flexible cell walls.
2 main functions – storage and food production.
Large vacuole stores water, starch and oils.
Can contain many chloroplasts.

3. Types of Plant Cells Collenchyma
Typically long cells.
Unevenly thickened cell walls.
Thin parts can stretch and grow.
Provide support for surrounding tissue.
ie. – tough strands in celery.

4. Types of Plant Cells Sclerenchyma
Thick and rigid.
Used for support
Two types: fibers and stone cells.
Fibers – long thin strands, support, strength, vascular tissue.
Stone cells – circular cells
Gritty texture of pears
Fruit pits

5. Plant Tissues Dermal or Epidermis
Flattened parenchyma cells cover and protect plant like skin
Produce a waxy cuticle – prevents water loss.

6. Plant Tissues Dermal or Epidermis
Contain stomata: openings that control gas exchange.
Guard cells control opening and closing.

7. Plant Tissues Dermal or Epidermis
Root hairs: extensions of cell that help absorb water and minerals.

8. Plant Tissues Dermal or Epidermis
Trichomes: hair like – give fuzzy texture
Reduce evaporation.
Some protect by secreting toxic substances.

9. Plant Tissues Vascular Tissues
Transport food minerals and water through the plant.
Two types:
Xylem – Moves water and minerals from roots to rest of plant.
Phloem – Transport sugars and organic compounds from leaves to rest of plant.

10. Plant Tissues Xylem Two types Tracheids: In conifers.
Tubular, tapered ends, dead at maturity.
Cell walls have pits for water flow across cells.
Vessel elements: In Anthopytes.
Wider and shorter.
Openings in end walls for water flow through cells.

11. Plant Tissues Xylem

12. Plant Tissue Phloem Transport sugars and organic compounds.
Living, tubular cells.
Phloem cells are called sieve tube members.
Have cytoplasm but no nucleus or ribosomes.
Companion cells – next to each sieve tube member. Help manage transport.

13. Plant Tissues Ground Tissue
All other tissues
Mostly parenchyma
Functions: photosynthesis, storage, support.
In stems and roots: have large vacuoles to store starch and water.

14. Plant Tissues Meristematic Tissues
Region of actively dividing cells.
Small, round, with large nuclei.
Apical meristems:
At tips of roots and stems.
Increase length.
Lateral meristems:
Cylinders of dividing cells in roots and stems.
Increase diameter.
Vascular cambium: produce xylem and phloem.
Cork cambium: produces tough covering for root and stems.

15. Meristems

16. Roots Anchor, absorb water and minerals from soil.
Some used for food storage (carrots)
Two types
Taproots: central fleshy with small branch roots. (carrots, beets)
Fibrous roots: numerous branches from central point.

17. Root Variations Adventitious roots: Aerial roots:
Prop roots above ground to support tall plants.
Aerial roots:
Cling to objects to provide support.

18. Root Structure Epidermis: outer layer.
Root hair: extension of single epidermal cell.
Absorbs water, oxygen and minerals.

19. Root Structure Cortex: next layer.
Transports water and ions into vascular core.
Made of parenchyma cells
sometimes used for storage

20. Root Structure
Endodermis: forms waterproof seal around vascular tissue.
All water and minerals must pass through endodermis cells.

21. Root Structure Pericycle: just within endodermis.
Gives rise to lateral roots (offshoots of older roots).

22. Root Structure Xylem and phloem: center of root.
Transport of water, minerals and organic materials through plant.

23. Dicot vs. Monocot Root

24. Dicot vs. Monocot Root

25. Root Growth Apical meristem Vascular cambium Root cap Lengthens root
Increase diameter
Found between xylem and phloem
Root cap
Layer of cells at root tip.
Protection

26. Stems Transport, support and storage. Some are Underground
Corm: short, thick, surrounded by leaf scales. (gladiolus)
Tuber: swollen underground stem with buds that sprout new plants. (potato)
Rhizomes: (iris)

27. Stem: Internal Structure
Vascular tissue arranged in bundles.
Dicot Monocot

28. Woody Stems Secondary Growth: thickness from vascular cambium.
Xylem: wood – causes growth rings.
Bark: old phloem and cork cambium.

29. Stems – Material Transport
Xylem: transports water from roots to leaves.
Phloem: transports sugars, minerals, and hormones.
Source: photosynthetic tissue – mostly leaves.
Sink: storage area (cortex of roots)
Translocation: movement from source to sink.

30. Leaf Variation Simple: blade no divided
Compound: divided into leaflets
Alternate: only one leaf from a single point on stem
Opposite: leaves in pairs along stem
Whorled: three or more leaves occurring at same place on stem

31. Leaf Structure Vascular tissue in veins.
Epidermis: outer layer of cells.
Two layers of Mesophyll.
Palisade mesophyll:
Most photosynthesis.
Spongy mesophyll:
Loosely packed with irregular shaped cells.
Air spaces for gas exchange: O2, CO2, H2O.
Gases move in and out of stomata.

33. Transpiration
Loss of water vapor through the stomata.

34. Leaf Venation Patterns
Parallel – monocots Netlike – dicots

35. Leaf Modifications
Cactus spines: leaves that reduce water loss and protect plant.
Bulb: short stem covered by large fleshy leaves, modified for food storage.
Pitcher plant: modified to trap insects.
Aloe vera: adapted to store water.

38. Hormones Tropisms Nastic Responses
Plant Responses
Hormones
Tropisms
Nastic Responses

39. Plant Hormones
Chemicals produced in one part of an organism and transported to another to cause a change in growth or development.

40. Auxins: Hormone Promote cell elongation. (IAA) Indoleacetic acid.
Produced in apical meristem.
Increases cell division and promotes cell elongation.
Weakens connections between cellulose fibers in the cell wall allowing cells to stretch.

41. Auxin
Auxins produced in apical meristem inhibits growth of side branches.
Remove stem tip – branches form

42. Gibberellins: Hormone
Growth hormone.
Stimulates cell elongation.
Also increases rate of seed germination and bud development.

43. Cytokinins: Hormone Stimulate cell division or cytokinesis.
Stimulate production of proteins needed for mitosis.
Produced in meristem of roots and travel up xylem to rest of plant.

44. Ethylene: Hormone
A gas that speeds ripening of fruits.

45. Tropism Response to an external stimulus from a particular direction.
Positive tropism: plant grows toward stimulus.
Negative tropism: plant grows away from stimulus.

46. Types of Tropism Phototropism: growth toward light.
More auxin on side of stem away from light.
Cell elongation on one side – dark side.
Gravitropism: direction of plant growth in response to gravity.
Stems up and roots down.
Thigmotropism: response to touch.
Tendrils of vine coil around objects.

47. Nastic Responses
Response movement that is not dependent on direction of stimulus.
Mimosa Venus Flytrap