1. PLANT FORM AND FUNCTION

2. YOU MUST KNOW… THE FUNCTION OF XYLEM AND PHLOEM TISSUE
THE SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS OF TRACHEIDS, VESSELS, SIEVE-TUBE ELEMENTS, AND COMPANION CELLS
THE CORRELATION BETWEEN PRIMARY GROWTH AND APICAL MERISTEMS VERSUS SECONDARY GROWTH AND LATERAL MERISTEMS

3. CONCEPT 35.1
THE PLANT BODY HAS A HIERARCHY OF ORGANS, TISSUES, AND CELLS

4. ROOT SYSTEM – ANCHORS THE PLANT, ABSORBS WATER AND MINERALS, AND OFTEN STORES SUGARS AND STARCHES
FIBROUS ROOTS – THIN ROOTS THAT ARE SPREAD JUST BELOW THE SOIL’S SURFACE (MONOCOTS)
TAPROOTS – ONE THICK, VERTICAL ROOT WITH MANY LATERAL ROOTS COMING OUT FROM IT (DICOTS)
ROOT HAIRS – INCREASE THE SURFACE AREA MAKING EFFICIENT ABSORPTION OF WATER AND MINERALS POSSIBLE
MYCORRHIZAE – SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP WITH FUNGI AT THE TIPS OF THE ROOTS, ASSIST IN THE ABSORPTION PROCESS

6. SHOOT SYSTEM CONSISTS OF
STEM – FUNCTION TO DISPLAY LEAVES
TERMINAL BUD – LOCATED AT THE TOP END OF THE STEM WHERE GROWTH USUALLY OCCURS
APICAL DOMINANCE - THE TERMINAL BUD PROHIBITS THE GROWTH OF THE AXILLARY BUDS. IT CONCENTRATES THE GROWTH OF THE PLANT UPWARD TOWARD LIGHT
AXILLARY BUDS – LOCATED IN THE V FORMED BETWEEN THE LEAF AND THE STEM, FORM LATERAL SHOOTS
LEAVES – MAIN PHOTOSYNTHETIC ORGAN

8. 3 PLANT ORGAN TISSUES
DERMAL TISSUE – CLOSELY PACKED CELLS THAT PROTECTS PLANT AGAINST WATER LOSS AND INVASION OF PATHOGENS
VASCULAR TISSUE – TRANSPORTS MATERIALS BETWEEN ROOTS AND SHOOTS
XYLEM – TRANSPORTS WATER AND MINERAL UP FROM THE ROOTS
PHLOEM – TRANSPORTS FOOD FROM THE LEAVES TO OTHER PARTS OF PLANT
GROUND TISSUE – BETWEEN THE DERMAL AND VASCULAR TISSUE. MAKES UP MOST OF THE BODY OF THE PLANT.

9. DIFFERENTIATED CELLS XYLEM – MOST ARE DEAD CELLS 2 TYPES OF CELLS
1. TRACHEIDS – LONG THIN WALLS STRENGTHENED WITH LIGNIN, WATER MOVES FROM CELL TO CELL THROUGH THE PITS IN IT
2. VESSELS – FOUND MAINLY IN ANGIOSPERMS, HAVE PITS AND PERFORATED END WALLS FOR MOST EFFICIENT WATER MOVEMENT

10. DIFFERENTIATED CELLS
PHLOEM – LIVE CELLS – CONDUCT SUGAR AND OTHER ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- 2 TYPES
SIEVE TUBES – CHAINS OF CELLS THAT ARE HIGHLY MODIFIED FOR TRANSPORT, LACKING A NUCLEUS, RIBOSOMES, AND A CENTRAL VACUOLE
COMPANION CELLS – PROVIDE MOLECULAR NEEDS OF SIEVE, ARE CONNECTED TO THE SIEVE BY PLASMODESMATA

12. GROUND TISSUE – SUBDIVIDED INTO 3 TYPES
PARENCHYMA – MOST ABUNDANT, THROUGHT PLANT, PERFORM MOST OF THE METABOLISM (INCLUDING PHOTOSYNTHESIS)
COLLENCHYMA – GROUPED IN CYLINDERS THAT PROVIDE FLEXIBILITY AND HELP SUPPORT GROWING PARTS OF THE PLANT (MAINLY IN STEM AND LEAVES)
SCHLERENCHYMA – IN PARTS THAT ARE NO LONGER GROWING, IT PROTECTS SEEDS AND SUPPORTS PLANT

13. CONCEPT 35.2
MERISTEMS GENERATE CELLS FOR NEW ORGANS

14. LIFE CYCLE ANNUALS – LIFE CYCLE COMPLETED IN ONE YEAR
BIENNIALS – LIFE CYCLE COMPLETED IN TWO YEARS
PERENNIALS – LIFE CYCLE CONTINUES FOR MANY YEAR

15. MERISTEMS EMBRYONIC TISSUES RESPONSIBLE FOR INDETERMINATE GROWTH
APICAL MERISTEM – LOCATED AT THE TIPS OF ROOTS AND IN BUDS OF SHOOTS AND RESULTS IN GROWTH IN IS IN LENGTH (HEIGHT) (PRIMARY GROWTH)
LATERAL MERISTEM – RESULTS IN GROWTH THAT THICKENS THE SHOOTS AND ROOTS (WIDTH) (SECONDARY GROWTH)

17. CONCEPT 35.3
PRIMARY GROWTH LENGTHENS ROOTS AND SHOOTS

18. ROOT CAP – PROTECTS THE MERISTEM OF THE ROOT TIP AS IT PUSHES THROUGH SOIL
ROOT TIP – 3 ZONES OF CELLS
ZONE OF CELL DIVISION – INCLUDES ROOT APICAL MERISTEM, CELLS ARE ACTIVELY DIVIDING TO MAKE NEW CELLS
ZONE OF ELONGATION – CELLS ABSORB H2O AND ELONGATE SIGNIFICANTLY
ZONE OF MATURATION – COMPLETE DIFFERENTIATION AND BECOME FUNCTIONALLY MATURE

20. STOMATA – SMALL PORES ON THE UNDERSIDE OF LEAVES FLANKED BY GUARD CELLS (OPEN/CLOSE STOMATA)
IN LEAVES, GROUND TISSUE
IS SANDWICHED BETWEEN
THE UPPER AND LOWER
EPIDERMIS IN THE
MESOPHYLL – MADE OF
PARENCHYMA CELLS
WHERE
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
OCCURS

22. CONCEPT 35.4
SECONDARY GROWTH ADDS GIRTH TO STEMS AND ROOTS IN WOODY PLANTS

23. 2 LATERAL MERISTEMS VASCULAR CAMBIUM – PRODUCES SECONDARY XYLEM (WOOD)
CORK CAMBIUM – PRODUCES A TOUGH COVERING THAT REPLACE EPIDERMIS EARLY IN SECONDARY GROWTH
BARK – OUTSIDE THE VASCULAR CAMBIUM, INCLUDES THE PHLOEM, VASCULAR AND CORK CAMBIUM

25. CONCEPT 35.5
GROWTH, MORPHOGENESIS, AND DIFFERENTIATION PRODUCE THE PLANT BODY

26. IT IS THE CELL EXPANSION THAT ACCOUNTS FOR THE ACTUAL INCREASE IN PLANT MASS
MORPHOGENESIS – DEVELOPMENT OF BODY FORM AND ORGANIZATION
PATTERN FORMATION – THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPECIFIC STRUCTURES IN SPECIFIC LOCATION

27. PLANT HORMONES
ABSCISIC ACID – MAKES SURE SEENDS DON’T GERMINATE TOO EARLY, INHIBITS CELL GROWTH, AND STIMULATES THE CLOSING OF THE STOMATA
AUXIN – LEADS TO ELONGATION OF STEMS AND PLAYS A ROLE IN PHOTOTROPISM AND GRAVITROPISM

28. CYTOKININS – PROMOTE CELL DIVISION AND LEAF ENLARGEMENT, SLOWS DOWN AGING OF LEAVES
ETHYLENE – INITIATES FRUIT RIPENING AND CAUSES FLOWERS AND LEAVES TO DROP (ASSOCIATED WITH AGE)
GIBBERELLINS – ASSISTS IN STEM ELONGATION, INDUCES THE GROWTH OF DORMANT SEEDS, BUDS, AND FLOWERS