1. Copyright © 2008 Delmar. All rights reserved. Part I Public Health Basics

2. Copyright © 2008 Delmar. All rights reserved. Chapter 1 A History of Public Health Nursing

3. Copyright © 2008 Delmar. All rights reserved. 3 Establishment of the Science of Public Health Public health is a collective effort of a society to support the health of the population Early sanitation –Ancient civilization (1000-2000 years BC) Sewers and bathing facilities Airs, Waters, and Places

4. Copyright © 2008 Delmar. All rights reserved. 4 Establishment of the Science of Public Health Middle Ages –Roman sanitation system –Monastery retreats –1500-1800 Miasma theory Anatomy and physiology Leeuwenhoek, John Snow

5. Copyright © 2008 Delmar. All rights reserved. 5 Growing Science of Public Health Enlightenment and revolutionary era –Middle class movement Victorian period Industrial Revolution –Rapid population increase, overcrowding –High infant mortality rate among poor –Unhealthy living environments, poverty

6. Copyright © 2008 Delmar. All rights reserved. 6 Response to Disease Transmission Growing awareness of prevention Mechanism for disease transmission unknown –Leprosy –Bubonic plague Legal authority for sequestering

7. Copyright © 2008 Delmar. All rights reserved. 7 Response to Disease Transmission Small pox –Endemic Europe 1700s Syphilis –Middle class morality

8. Copyright © 2008 Delmar. All rights reserved. 8 Response to Disease Transmission Historical antecedents –Nursing historically a female role –Role of early religious orders –Disease statistics

9. Copyright © 2008 Delmar. All rights reserved. 9 Social Change Abundance of factory jobs, inadequate housing –Health conditions –Tenement housing Sanitary era mid 19 th century –Germ theory –Chadwick Report

10. Copyright © 2008 Delmar. All rights reserved. 10 Social Change Florence Nightingale –Refused germ theory –Positive influence Social Darwinism –Charitable organizations –Moral uplift

11. Copyright © 2008 Delmar. All rights reserved. 11 Early Public Health Nursing Charitable nursing –Philanthropic service Ladies Benevolent Society District nursing –Precursor to public health nursing William Rathbone and Florence Nightingale Lillian Wald and Visiting Nurses (U.S.)

12. Copyright © 2008 Delmar. All rights reserved. 12 Early Public Health Nursing Lillian Wald –Henry Street Settlement Took nursing services into the home Form of service for those living in poverty

13. Copyright © 2008 Delmar. All rights reserved. 13 Early Public Health Nursing Financing early public health –Nursing services sponsored by Philanthropic charities Religious groups Local governments

14. Copyright © 2008 Delmar. All rights reserved. 14 Early Public Health Nursing Progressive movement –Immigration and industrialization –Slavery and freedom –Epidemiological research –New roles for women –Suffrage

15. Copyright © 2008 Delmar. All rights reserved. 15 Early Public Health Nursing Social issues –Population level, health, war –Child labor, unsafe working conditions

16. Copyright © 2008 Delmar. All rights reserved. 16 Early Public Health Nursing Risks of reform –Spider Web Pamphlet 1922 –19 th Amendment –Sheppard-Towner Act 1921 –Movement

17. Copyright © 2008 Delmar. All rights reserved. 17 Early Public Health Nursing National Organization of Public Health Nurses (NOPHN) –Institutional racism –Segregated training schools –National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses (NACGN) National Association of Nursing Alumnae

18. Copyright © 2008 Delmar. All rights reserved. 18 Early Public Health Nursing American Red Cross Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Middle 20 th Century Public Health Nursing –Hospital-based care Changes in funding –Great Depression

19. Copyright © 2008 Delmar. All rights reserved. 19 Early Public Health Nursing Changing profession –Generalist public health nurse –National League of Nursing Education –Association of Collegiate Schools of Nursing

20. Copyright © 2008 Delmar. All rights reserved. 20 Early Public Health Nursing Social reform and feminism –McCarthyism associated with communism Professionalism –Standards, training, leadership Public health today –Work in government and academic settings

21. Copyright © 2008 Delmar. All rights reserved. 21 Early Public Health Nursing Unresolved controversies –Development of Quad Council of Public Health Nursing Organizations –Funding, Code of Ethics –Direct service provider versus community mobilizer, social reformer –Professionalism versus radicalism