1. Dr. Ping Luo Department of PE and Health CSU Stanislaus Fall, 2004

2. Chapter Objectives
Accurately define the terms health, community health, population health, and public health.
Explain the difference between personal and community health activities
List and discuss the factors that influence a community’s health

3. Chapter Objectives
Briefly relate the history of community/public health, including the recent history of community and public health in the twentieth-century United States
Provide a brief overview of the current health status of Americans.
Describe the status of efforts to improve world health and list some plans for the future.

4. Chapter Objectives
Describe the purpose of the Health People 2010 goals and objectives as they apply to the planning process of the health of Americans.

5. Introduction Definitions, Concepts, & Principles
Community Health vs. Personal Health
Brief History of Community Health
American Health Concerns in the 90’s

6. Definitions
HEALTH
A state of complete of complete physical, mental, and social well being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity.” World Health Organization
A dynamic state or condition which is multidimensional in nature and results from the adaptation to his/her environment.

7. Definitions COMMUNITY Group of people who have common characteristics
COMMUNITY HEALTH
the health status of a defined group of people and the actions and conditions, both private and public, to promote, protect, and preserve their health.

8. Population Health Public Health
The health status of people who are not organized and have no identity as a group or locality and the actions and conditions to promote, protect and preserve their health
Public Health
Health status of a defined group of people and governmental actions and conditions to promote, protect, and preserve the people’s health

9. Community Health vs. Personal Health
Individual actions and decision making that affect the health of an individual or their immediate family
COMMUNITY
Activities aimed at protecting or improving the health of a population or community

10. HEALTH COMMUNITY Factors Affecting Community Health OF THE
SOCIAL/CULTURAL FACTORS
Beliefs, Traditions, and Prejudices
Economy, Politics, Religion
Socioeconomic Status
Social Norms
PHYSICAL FACTORS
Industrial development
Community size
Environment
Geography
HEALTH
OF THE
COMMUNITY
INDIVIDUAL
BEHAVIORS
Takes the concerted effort of many - if not most - to make a community voluntary program work
COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION
Ways in which communities
organize their resources;
Tax vs Non-tax supported services

11. Prehistory 7000+ BC Hammurabi 1750 BC Middle Ages Greeks 410 - 1500AD
Egyptians BC
Romans
450 BC AD
Enlightenment
1700s
20th Century
21st Century
Renaissance
19th Century

12. Brief History and Public Health
EARLIEST CIVILIZATIONS
ANCIENT SOCIETIES - before 500 B.C.
Northern India: evidence of bathrooms and sewers
Sumarian clay tablet: evidence of prescription drugs
Code of Hammurabi: laws pertaining to physicians and health practices
CLASSICAL CULTURES B.C A.D.
Greeks: Games of strength and skill for men
Greeks: Active in community sanitation
Romans: Built aqueducts and sewer systems
Romans: Built hospitals and infirmaries for slaves

13. Brief History and Public Health
MIDDLE AGES to 1500 A.D.
Spiritual era of public health
Great epidemics of plague
RENAISSANCE AND EXPLORATION to 1700 A.D.
Rebirth of thinking about nature of the world and of humankind
Belief that diseases were caused by environmental, not spiritual factors

14. Brief History and Public Health
EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
INDUSTRIAL GROWTH
Cities overcrowded
Water supplies inadequate
Streets heaped with trash and garbage
Occupational health
Workplaces unsafe and unhealthy
Workforce poor
Children forced to work long hours

15. Brief History and Public Health
NINETEENTH CENTURY
EARLY APPROACH
Few advancements in public health
Federal government approach “Laissez faire”
Health quackery thrived
EPIDEMICS CONTINUED
London cholera epidemic struck in 1849
Miasmas theory of contagious disease
Dr. John Snow and the Broad Street pump

16. Brief History and Public Health
LEMUEL SHATTUCK’S HEALTH REPORT, 1850
FIVE PERIODS OF ERA
Miasma, 1850 to 1875
Bacteriological, 1875 to 1900
Health Resources Development, 1900 to 1960
Social Engineering, 1960 to 1975
Health Promotion, 1975 to present

17. Health Resources BEGINNING OF TWENTIETH CENTURY
Life expectancy less than 50 years
Communicable diseases leading causes of death
Children health concerns

18. Health Resources (1900-1960) REFORM PHASE - 1900 to 1920
GREAT DEPRESSION & WORLD WAR II
Social Security Act of 1935
National Institutes of Health established ’s
THE POSTWAR YEARS
Communicable Disease Center established
World Health Organization founded

19. Health Resources (1900-1960) SOCIAL ENGINEERING 1960 - 1973
Congress passed Medicare and Medicaid bills
OSHA Act Signed 1970
Health Promotion Period ( )
Lifestyle related diseases
High medical care costs

20. HEALTH PROMOTION LIFESTYLE CHANGES
World Health Organization’s “Health for All”, 1977
Promoting Health/Preventing Disease: Objectives for the Nation, 1979
226 Objectives based on preventive services, health protection, and health promotion
Healthy People 2000
Over 300 objectives
Healthy People 2010

21. Community Health in the 21st Century
World Planning
reduce the burden of excess mortality and morbidity
developing effective health systems
expanding the knowledge base

22. YESTERDAY, TODAY, AND TOMORROW
CHAPTER 1
COMMUNITY HEALTH -
YESTERDAY, TODAY, AND TOMORROW