2. Personality Chapter 15 By: Julia Stefonek Chapter 15 By: Julia Stefonek

3. The Psychodynamic Approach  Psychodynamic approach -- developed by Freud, emphasizes the interplay of psychological processes in determining human thought, feelings, and behavior The basis of this approach is that psychological factors play a major role in determining and shaping personality Structure & Development According to Freud: develops out of a person’s need for food, water, air, sex, and aggression  Personality is reflected in how each person goes about satisfying these needs  Psychodynamic approach -- developed by Freud, emphasizes the interplay of psychological processes in determining human thought, feelings, and behavior The basis of this approach is that psychological factors play a major role in determining and shaping personality Structure & Development According to Freud: develops out of a person’s need for food, water, air, sex, and aggression  Personality is reflected in how each person goes about satisfying these needs

4. IDEgoSuperego Operates according to the pleasure principle, contains life instincts, called Eros, and death instincts, called Thanatos. Libido, or psychic energy, is a product of the life instincts Operates according to to the reality principle, attempts to satisfy id impulses while obeying society’s rules Forms to tell us right from wrong The ego uses defense mechanisms to protect the individual from feeling anxious about id impulses

5. Stages in Personality Development  Freud believed that personality develops is psychosexual stages; in each stage a part of the body becomes the child’s main source of pleasure Oral stage (0 - 18 months) Pleasure centers on the mouth --- sucking, biting, chewing Anal stage (18 - 36 months) Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control Phallic stage (3 - 6 years) Pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings Latency period (6 to puberty) Dormant sexual feelings Genital period (puberty on) Maturation of sexual interests

6.  Oedipus Complex --- the son feels sexual desires for his mother and wants to kill his father out of jealousy  Electra Complex --- the daughter transfers her love to her father because she develops penis envy and begins to hate her mother for not providing a penis  Oedipus Complex --- the son feels sexual desires for his mother and wants to kill his father out of jealousy  Electra Complex --- the daughter transfers her love to her father because she develops penis envy and begins to hate her mother for not providing a penis

7. Jung’s Analytic Psychology  viewed the libido as a general life force that included a productive blending of basic impulses and real-world demands, of creativity and growth-oriented resolution of conflicts. Personality develops as the person tends toward introversion or extroversion and toward reliance on specific psychological functions (such as thinking versus feeling or vice versa)

8. Other Neo-Freudian Theorists  several neo-Freudians, including Erik Erikson, Erich From, and Henry Stack Sullivan, proposed that personality was determined by how social needs were met. Karen Horney proposed that the inferiority that women may feel is caused by restrictions imposed by men, not penis envy, and that it is actually men who feel inferior when they experience womb envy

9. The Trait Approach  Trait approach --- views personality as the combination of stable internal characteristics that people display consistently across time and across situations  Hippocrates suggested that a temperament, or personality type, is associated with a bodily fluid: blood, phlegm, black bile, or yellow bile  Physiognomy is the study of the relationship between personality type and physique type  Research has shown that personalities are much too varied to fit into type theories  Trait approach --- views personality as the combination of stable internal characteristics that people display consistently across time and across situations  Hippocrates suggested that a temperament, or personality type, is associated with a bodily fluid: blood, phlegm, black bile, or yellow bile  Physiognomy is the study of the relationship between personality type and physique type  Research has shown that personalities are much too varied to fit into type theories

10. The “Big Five” Model of Personality  Trait theorists have identified five cross-cultural factors --- openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism --- that make up personality

11. Biological Trait Theories  Hans Eysenck utilized factor analysis to identify three basic personality factors: psychoticism, introversion-extraversion, and emotional stability  Eysenck proposed that the ease with which the nervous system can be aroused relates to positions on these personality dimensions  Newer biological theories have largely supplanted Eysenck’s theory, and suggest that these differences are due to biological differences in the sensitivity of brain systems involved with responsiveness to rewards (behavioral approach systems) and punishments (behavioral inhibition systems)  Hans Eysenck utilized factor analysis to identify three basic personality factors: psychoticism, introversion-extraversion, and emotional stability  Eysenck proposed that the ease with which the nervous system can be aroused relates to positions on these personality dimensions  Newer biological theories have largely supplanted Eysenck’s theory, and suggest that these differences are due to biological differences in the sensitivity of brain systems involved with responsiveness to rewards (behavioral approach systems) and punishments (behavioral inhibition systems)

12. The Social-Cognitive Approach  Social-cognitive approach--- equates personality with behavior (sometimes called the social-learning approach) Roots of the Social-Cognitive Approach  B. F. Skinner employed functional analysis to understand behavior in terms of its function in obtaining rewards or avoiding punishment  Social-cognitive approach--- equates personality with behavior (sometimes called the social-learning approach) Roots of the Social-Cognitive Approach  B. F. Skinner employed functional analysis to understand behavior in terms of its function in obtaining rewards or avoiding punishment

13. Rotter’s Expectancy Theory  Julian Rotter suggested that behavior is determined by cognitive expectation--that is, what a person expects to happen following behavior and the value the person places on the outcome.  Rotter measured the degree to which people expect events to be controlled by their own internal efforts or by external forces over which they have no influence, and found these expectations to be related to behavioral differences  Julian Rotter suggested that behavior is determined by cognitive expectation--that is, what a person expects to happen following behavior and the value the person places on the outcome.  Rotter measured the degree to which people expect events to be controlled by their own internal efforts or by external forces over which they have no influence, and found these expectations to be related to behavioral differences

14. Bandura and Reciprocal Determinism  Personality evolves as a result of the interaction among cognitive patterns, the environment, and behavior through a process called reciprocal determinism  Concludes that people’s beliefs about the impact they have on the world and their perceived self-efficacy (belief they will succeed) will determine emotions and behaviors  Personality evolves as a result of the interaction among cognitive patterns, the environment, and behavior through a process called reciprocal determinism  Concludes that people’s beliefs about the impact they have on the world and their perceived self-efficacy (belief they will succeed) will determine emotions and behaviors

15. Mischel’s Cognitive/Affective Theory  According to Walter Mischel, person variables as well as situation variables are important in explaining behavior  The most important person variables are encodings, expectancies, affects, goals and values, competencies and self-regulatory plans Conclusions of Debate  Traits influence behavior only in relevant situations  Traits can lead to behaviors that alter situations that, in turn, promote other behaviors  People with different traits choose to be in different situations  Traits are more influential in some situations than in others  According to Walter Mischel, person variables as well as situation variables are important in explaining behavior  The most important person variables are encodings, expectancies, affects, goals and values, competencies and self-regulatory plans Conclusions of Debate  Traits influence behavior only in relevant situations  Traits can lead to behaviors that alter situations that, in turn, promote other behaviors  People with different traits choose to be in different situations  Traits are more influential in some situations than in others

16. The Humanistic Approach  Humanistic approach-- defines personality as the unique way in which each individual perceives and interprets the world The primary human motivator is an innate drive toward growth that promotes people to fulfill their unique and natural potential  Humanistic approach-- defines personality as the unique way in which each individual perceives and interprets the world The primary human motivator is an innate drive toward growth that promotes people to fulfill their unique and natural potential

17. Prominent Humanistic Theories  Roger’s Self Theory Carl Rogers emphasized the concept of actualizing tendency, the innate inclination toward growth that motivates all human behavior.  The self is what people come to identify as me or I According to Rogers, the development of self-concept depends on self- evaluations and the positive regard shown by others. Whenever people, instead of their behaviors, are evaluated, conditions of worth are created  People come to believe that they are worthy only under certain conditions--those in which rewarded behaviors are displayed  Roger’s Self Theory Carl Rogers emphasized the concept of actualizing tendency, the innate inclination toward growth that motivates all human behavior.  The self is what people come to identify as me or I According to Rogers, the development of self-concept depends on self- evaluations and the positive regard shown by others. Whenever people, instead of their behaviors, are evaluated, conditions of worth are created  People come to believe that they are worthy only under certain conditions--those in which rewarded behaviors are displayed  Maslow’s Growth Theory Abraham Maslow saw personality as the tendency to grow toward self- actualization  People can approach the satisfaction of their needs with a deficiency orientation or growth orientation

18. Assessing Personality  Aspects of behavior can be assessed by observational methods, interviews, and personality tests  Personality tests are more standardized and economical than either observational or interviews  Aspects of behavior can be assessed by observational methods, interviews, and personality tests  Personality tests are more standardized and economical than either observational or interviews

19. Objective Tests  The typical objective test is a paper-and-pencil form containing clear, specific questions, statements, or concepts to which a person is asked to give yes-no, true-false, or multiple-choice answers  The Neuroticism Extraversion Openness Personality Inventory Revised (NEO-PI-R) is given to measure personality variables in normal populations  A widely used test for diagnosing disorders is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)  The typical objective test is a paper-and-pencil form containing clear, specific questions, statements, or concepts to which a person is asked to give yes-no, true-false, or multiple-choice answers  The Neuroticism Extraversion Openness Personality Inventory Revised (NEO-PI-R) is given to measure personality variables in normal populations  A widely used test for diagnosing disorders is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

20. Projective Tests  Projective tests-- tests consisting of unstructured stimuli that can be perceived and responded to in many ways  The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) and the Rorschach Inkblot Test are examples of this format  Responses to projective tests are relatively difficult to score and tend to be less reliable and valid than objective tests  Projective tests-- tests consisting of unstructured stimuli that can be perceived and responded to in many ways  The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) and the Rorschach Inkblot Test are examples of this format  Responses to projective tests are relatively difficult to score and tend to be less reliable and valid than objective tests

21. Personality Tests & Employee Selection  They do not seem to be useful in screening prospective employees; however, the tests can lead to incorrect predictions  Some employees believe that utilizing personality tests in the selection process is a violation of their privacy  They do not seem to be useful in screening prospective employees; however, the tests can lead to incorrect predictions  Some employees believe that utilizing personality tests in the selection process is a violation of their privacy