1. Digestive System Gabriel Baldomero Dominique Lopez Alizon Pachas Carlos Zambrano Period 6

2. What is the Digestive System? The digestive system is the system that digests food physically and chemically, transports food, absorbs nutrients, and eliminated food waste It takes the food through several hollow organs It begins in the mouth and ends in the anus

3. Organs involved in the Digestive System All the organs are called the digestive tract The digestive system is made up of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine (colon), rectum, and anus All of these have an inner lining called mucosa

4. Enzymes Enzyme- substance that speeds up chemical reactions in the body They secrete from glands, which are a cell, a group of cells, or an organ that produces a secretion for use elsewhere in the body or in a body cavity or for elimination from the body.

5. The Mouth (Buccal Cavity) When you take food into your mouth it mixes with enzymes in your saliva from your salivary glands You chew the food which is called mastication This enzyme (salivary amylase) starts to digest the starch from food into smaller molecules immediately Your mouth has both a soft and hard palate which separates the buccal cavity from the nasopharynx.

6. Esophagus When you are ready to swallow your food it moves to the pharynx (throat). The epiglottis covers the trachea so food doesn’t travel down the esophagus (windpipe) Your esophagus takes the food down using a muscle movement called peristalsis. This doesn’t let the bolus of food move back up into your mouth Peristalsis-The involuntary constriction and relaxation of the muscles of the intestine or another canal, creating wavelike movements that push the contents of the canal forward

7. Stomach The stomach gets the food from the esophagus The stomach had ridges called rugae that disappear as the stomach fills with food The cardiac shpincter (muscle between esophagus and stomach) closes after all the food enters the stomach so it doesn’t go up the esophagus the pyloric sphincter (muscle between stomach and small intestine) keeps the food in the stomach until it is ready for the small intestine)

8. Stomach cont. During the time food is in the stomach its turned into a semifluid material called chyme by gastric juices in the stomach This gastric juice has contain hydrochloric acid which is what kills the bacteria, absorbs iron, and activated the enzyme called pepsin Enzymes in the stomach- lipase, which starts to break down fat. Pepsin, which starts digesting protein

9. Small Intestine Food enters the small intestine still in the form of chyme The small intestine is about 20 ft in length and 1 inch in diameter, and divided into 3 sections. The three sections are the duoodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Enzymes- maltase, sucrase, and lactase which break down sugar Bile from the liver and gallbladder breaks down fats While food is in the small intestine the digestion process is complete

10. Small Intestine cont. The walls of the small intestine are lined with small projections called villi - villi contain blood capillaries and lacteals - lacteals absorb most of the digested fats and carry them to the thoracic duct to be released in the circulatory system When food completes the journey through the small intestine waste, things that cant be digested, and extra water are left

11. Large Intestine The large intestine is 5 feet in length and 2 inches in diameter Its job is to absorb water and any nutrients that were left behind. It also stores any indigestible materials. The large intestine has a small projection which is called the vermiform appendix The large intestine has series of sections, one of them being the colon which is further divided into four divisions

12. Rectum and Anus Rectum The final 6-8 inches of the large intestine Storage for indigestible things and waste It has a narrow canal called the anal canal Anus Fecal material (stool) is the name for the final product of the process

13. Gastroenterologist A physician who specializes in diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Bachelor’s (4 years), Medical School (4 years), Residency in Internal Medicine (3 years), Fellowship in Gastroenterology (2- 3 years) The current median annual salary for gastroenterologists is $315,000 a year with the middle fifty percent earning between $243,995 and $385,284 per year.

14. Hepatologist Hepatology is the branch of medicine that incorporates the study of liver, gallbladder, biliary tree, and pancreas as well as management of their disorders Bachelor’s (4 years), Medical School (4 years), Residency in Internal Medicine (3 years), Fellowship in Hepatology (2-3 years) $235000 average a year for a hepatologist

15. Dental Hygenist An ancillary dental worker specializing in scaling and polishing teeth and in giving advice on cleaning the teeth. $68,250 per year Associates degree

16. Appendicitis Acute inflammation of the vermiform appendix Usually from obstruction, and infection Treated by appendectomy Symptoms: Generalized abdominal pain Nausea, vomiting, fever, elevated white blood cell count. The appendix can rupture

17. Ulcer Open sore on the lining of the digestive tract Commonly caused by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori Burns through stomach acid and digestive juices and creates the ulcer. Symptoms Burning pain, indigestion, hematemisis, melena (dark tar like stool) Treatment: antacids, or surgery if needed.

18. Chron’s Disease A chronic inflammatory disease of the intestines, especially the colon, and ileum. Symptoms Diarrhea, abdominal pain and or cramping, bloody stool, ulcers, reduced appetite and weight loss Treatment The main treatment for Crohn's disease is medicine to stop the inflammation in the intestine and medicine to prevent flare-ups and keep you in remission. A few people have severe, persistent symptoms or complications that may require a stronger medicine, a combination of medicines, or surgeryCrohn's diseaseremission

19. Terminology 1 Abdomin/o- abdomen Bucc/o- cheek Chol/e- gall, bile Col/o- colon Dent/i- tooth -emesis- vomiting Enter/o- intestines

20. Terminology 2 Gastr/o- stomach Gingiv/o- gums Gluc/o- glucose, sugar Glyc/o- glucose, sugar Hepat/o- liver Idi/o- individual, distinct, unknown Lapar/o- abdomen, abdominal wall Lingu/o- tongue Odont/o- tooth Or/o- mouth -orexia- appetite

21. Terminology 3 -pepsia- digestion Phag/o, -phagia- eating, ingestion Proct/o- rectum, anus Pyr/o- heat, fire, fever Rect/o- rectum sial./o- saliva -stalis- contraction Stomat/o- mouth