1. EART 160: Planetary Science These and all images courtesy NASA / JPL / GSFC unless otherwise noted

2. Some Terms Planet –Orbits a star, but isn’t one (no fusion) –Spherical shape (self-gravity, R > 1000 km?) –Cleared its orbit Dwarf Planet –Planet that hasn’t cleared its orbit Small solar-system body –Anything else that orbits the sun –Asteroids, Comets, Trans-Neptunian Object (TNO)

3. Planetary body –Planets and smaller objects Satellite or Moon –Orbits a larger planetary body Planetesimal –Small planetary body (< 1000 km) –Early solar system –Building block of planets World –Planet, Dwarf Planet, Large Satellite –Planet-like by “truthiness”

4. What is the class about? Meeting of Astronomy, Geology, and Physics How did the planets form? What are they made of? What’s happening to them? How do we know all this? Foundation class for Planetary Sciences track –Eart 162: Planetary Interiors –Eart 163: Planetary Surfaces –Eart 164: Planetary Atmospheres

5. Contact Info My Name: James Roberts E-mail: jhr@ucsc.edujhr@ucsc.edu Phone: 9-3200 Office: E&MS A200 Office Hours:Monday 2 – 3 Thursday 11 – 12 Or by appointment

6. Website WebCT: http://ic.ucsc.edu/webct/http://ic.ucsc.edu/webct/ –Login with your UCSC username and password –Uses Javascript –May need to add yourself here: https://ic.ucsc.edu/services/learning_management_system/create_account.php https://ic.ucsc.edu/services/learning_management_system/create_account.php –Please let me know if there’s a problem! Backup at http://es.ucsc.edu/~jhr/EART160http://es.ucsc.edu/~jhr/EART160 –Won’t have copyrighted material

7. Books Reference, not a textbook Beatty, Petersen, Chaiken. The New Solar System, 4th ed. –Campus bookstore should have this (~$70) –On reserve in Science Library –Preview available at books.google.com Also on reserve: –Faure and Mensing, Introduction to Planetary Science –Hartmann, Moons and Planets, 4th ed.

8. Prerequisites: –Single-variable calculus (e.g. Math 11B or 19B) –Introductory Physics (e.g. Phys 5A or 6A) Course Philosophy –Ask questions! –Grasp concepts before mathematics –Be critical –Connect theory to observation “How is astronomy different from astrology?” “Lots and lots of math.” -- Wiley, Non Sequitur

9. Homeworks Conceptual Questions (explain in words) Problems (set up and solve) Due each Friday Collaborate, don’t copy See me if you get stuck –It should not take you more than an hour per problem!

10. Paper Discussion Each Friday we’ll have an in-class discussions of 1 or 2 short journal articles Everyone reads the paper before class –Try to understand as much as you can One of you gives a 5-minute summary to the class –Everybody does this once Discuss. What did you learn? What doesn’t make sense?

11. Class Project Pick a topic in Planetary Science Come see me Read up on it Write a short paper, synthesizing your findings and summarizing the topic Due the last day of class: 17 March 2008 Alternately, conduct an original research project Details will be provided in the next week or two.

12. Exams Midterm:08 February 2008 Final:19 March 2008 Questions will be similar to homeworks, but in a closed environment Closed-book, but you can use a single page of notes You must pass the final to pass the class!

13. Your Grade Weekly Homework (7 total)40 % Paper Discussion10 % Class Project15 % Midterm10% Final exam25 % (tentative)

14. Topics Celestial Mechanics Solar system origin and evolution Surfaces and interiors Atmospheres Rings, moons, and tides Comets and asteroids Space Exploration: Missions, Astrobiology, Extrasolar Planets Proposed schedule is not inflexible

15. At last! Any questions on administrivia? Now let’s do something interesting! Please interrupt me at any time with questions.

16. Terrestrial Planets Rock, Metal, Small amount of volatiles 1000 km < R < 10000 km ? a < 5 AU(1 AU = 1.5×10 8 km) Mercury VenusEarth The Moon Mars Io

17. Jovian Planets Ice Giants Mostly Ice, rocky cores, thick atmospheres R ~ 25,000 km a > 19 AU Gas Giants Mostly Gas, Ice/Rock Cores R > 60,000 km a ~ 5-10 AU Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune All have rings Many moons

18. Icy Satellites Europa Ganymede Callisto Titan Triton Icy surface May have rocky core May be rock and ice mixed May have subsurface ocean R < 3000 km Orbit Jovian planets

19. Trans-Neptunian Objects Similar to Icy satellites Do not orbit planets a > 30 AU

20. Asteroids Itokawa Hayabusa Flyby/”Landing” 2005 Sample Return 2010 Ceres Dawn: Flybys 2011-2015 Vesta Made of Rock Most in Asteroid belt (a = 2.5 – 3 AU) Monolithic Rubble Pile

21. Comets Hyakutake, 1995 Deep Impact: Flyby/Impactor 1995 Tempel 1 Ice, some rock Extremely eccentric orbits R < 50 km Kuiper Belt: a = 30 – 55 AU Oort Cloud: a = 55 AU – 50,000 AU “Comets. The icebergs of the sky.” -- Billy West as Zapp Brannigan, Futurama

22. A sense of scale 6371 km 1737 km But how far apart are they? a = 3.84×10 5 km = 60 R 

23. 71,500 km 696,00 km 487 km 500 km

24. Inner Solar System Outer PlanetsTNOs

25. 12 AU100 AU 1000 AU 20,000 AU

26. 1 light-year “Space. It seems to go on and on forever. And then you get to the end and the gorilla starts throwing barrels at you.” -- Billy West as Philip Fry, Futurama

27. Neat stuff in the Solar System Lunar Craters

29. Olympus Mons Shield volcano 27 km high 600 km across Valles Marineris Large-scale Fracture 4000 km long 7 km deep

30. Image Courtesy Malin Space Science Systems Valley Networks

31. Clouds on Jupiter Cassini

32. Tvashtar on Io New Horizons The lavas of violent Io, Though they may look like pico de gallo, Erupt and then rain On the sulfurous plain Looking nothing at all like Ohio.

33. Saturn’s Rings Spokes Radio Image Colors represent particle size

34. Enceladus Tiger-stripes S. Polar Plume There once was a moon called Enceladus Whose tiger-stripes have cast a spell at us. The south polar plume Like an icy mushroom Has poked its way through the ice shell at us

35. Titan Thick Haze Surface Image Huygens Probe Radar Map, Cassini

36. Mimas and Iapetus “That’s no moon … it’s a space station!” -- Alec Guiness as Obi-Wan Kenobi, Star Wars Herschel Ridge Albedo Contrast Iapetus has A great ridge ‘round the middle. What is up with that?

37. Extrasolar Planets Charbonneau et al., 2000 Image Courtesy ESA/Hubble HD 209458b More than 270 detected so far! Many are “Hot Jupiters”

38. Spacecraft MESSENGER mission to Mecury 1 st flyby on Monday!

39. Research Opportunities Programs for planetary research, especially during the summer Usually Paid! Check class website for listings Deadlines are soon – apply today!

40. Earth Saturn eclipsing Sun Cassini Image

41. The Sun

42. Mercury Missions Mariner 10Flybys 1974-1975 MeSSEnGeRLaunched 2004 Flyby 14 Jan 2008 Orbit 2011 Very dense Large Iron Core Not fully mapped

43. Caloris Basin 3:2 Spin-Orbit Resonance

44. Venus Missions Mariner 2Flyby 1962 Venera 4Probe 1967 Mariner 5Flyby 1967 Venera 5, 6Probes 1969 Venera 7-14Landers 1970-1981 PioneerOrbiter, Probes 1978-1992 Venera 15, 16Orbiters 1983 Vega 1, 2Probes, Landers 1985 MagellanOrbiter 1990-1994 Venus ExpressOrbiter 2006 – present Clouds of CO 2 and H 2 SO 4 90 bars pressure at surface 450 K surface temperature

45. Magellan RADAR Map Aphrodite Terra Ishtar Terra

46. Earth Liquid Water Life Plate Tectonics Large Moon Magnetic Field

47. The Moon Near Side Far Side Maria (lava flows) Terrae (cratered highlands) Rotates synchronously

49. Luna 1-3Flybys 1959 Pioneer 4Flyby 1959 Ranger 4, 7-9Impactors, 1962-1964 Zond 1-7Flybys, 1965-1970 Luna 9-24Landers, Orbiters 1965-1976 Surveyor 1-7Landers, 1966-1968 Lunar Orbiter 1-5Orbiters, 1966-1968 Explorer 35Orbiter 1967-1973 Apollo 8, 10, 13Manned Orbiters 1968-1970 Apollo 11, 12, 14-17Manned Landers 1969-1972 Lunakhod 1, 2Rovers 1970-1973 Hiten1990-1993 Smart 11993-1996 ClementineOrbiter 1994 Lunar ProspectorOrbiter 1998-1999 Chang’eOrbiter 2007 ChandrayaanOrbiter 09 April 2008 Lunar Reconnaisance OrbiterOrbiter 28 Oct 2008

50. Mars Most Earth-like planet Polar ice caps Volcanoes Evidence for past liquid water

51. Mariner 4, 6, 7Flybys 1965-1969 Mariner 9Orbiter 1971 Mars 2, 3Orbiters 1971-1972 Viking 1, 2Orbiters/Landers 1976-1980 Mars Global SurveyorOrbiter 1997-2006 Mars PathfinderLander/Rover 1997-2003 Mars OdysseyOrbiter 2001 - present Mars ExpressOrbiter 2003 - present Spirit / OrbiterRovers 2004 – present Mars Reconaissance OrbiterOrbiter 2006 – present PhoenixLander 25 May 2008 Mars Missions

52. GaspraMathilde Ida Dactyl Eros NEAR Shoemaker: Flyby 1997 Orbiter/Lander 2000-2001 Galileo: Flybys 1991 1993

53. Jupiter Pioneer 10, 11Flybys 1973-1974 Voyager 1, 2Flybys 1979 GalileoOrbiter 1995-2003 CassiniFlyby 2000 New HorizonsFlyby 2007

54. Galilean Moons

55. Tvashtar Plume on Io Conamara Chaos on Europa

56. Saturn Pioneer 11Flyby 1979 Voyager 1, 2Flybys 1980-1981 CassiniOrbiter 2004-present HuygensTitan Probe/Lander 2004

57. Uranus Tilted on its side! Ring system Methane Clouds Voyager 2Flyby 1986

58. Five medium-sized moons

59. Neptune Voyager 2Flyby 1989 Great Dark Spot

60. Triton Captured Asteroid? Retrograde Orbit Nitrogen Geysers