1. Reforms, Revolutions, and War
World History, Chapter 23
Reforms, Revolutions, and War

2. 23.1 Reforms in the British Empire
In 1800, landowning aristocrats made up most of Parliament
Some industrial cities had no representatives at all
Only wealthy male property owners could vote; public office restricted to men of wealth

4. Changes in the British Empire
Beyond Britain, people living in other parts of the British Empire were also moved by the spirit of reform.
In the mid-1800s people in Ireland, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand took steps to rule themselves.

5. Ireland
Policies created to help British industry hurt Irish agriculture
Mid-1800s, potato crop failed several times, left many with no food, no income, evicted from homes
During the years of the famine, about 1 million people starved, about 1.5 million others emigrated—many to the United States.
Irish began to fight for change. Some wanted independence, others home rule within United Kingdom
Ireland did not receive limited self-government until 1920

6. Canada Britain’s colonies in Canada very different
Some mainly French-speaking, others mainly English-speaking
Diversity created lack of unity, led to calls for reform
1837, rebellions in Canadian colonies convinced British reform necessary
1867, Parliament granted colonies power to govern selves
Canada become dominion, self-governing colony; continued to expand westward

7. Australia
Since 1700s, Britain had used Australia as place to send criminals
Mid-1800s, other colonists began to settle there, attracted by copper, gold deposits
1901, Britain granted self-rule to Commonwealth of Australia; established own parliament but remained part of British empire

8. New Zealand
British government made agreement with local Maori people, land in exchange for self-rule
New Zealand became a dominion of Great Britain
1893, New Zealand became first country to give women the vote

9. 23.2 Revolution and Change in France
During the 1800s opposing groups in France struggled to determine what kind of government France would have—a republic, a constitutional monarchy, or an absolute monarchy.
At the end of the Napoleonic era, the Congress of Vienna restored Louis XVIII to the French throne.
The French had a constitution and a legislature, but most power remained with the king.

10. The Revolution of 1830
Charles X inherited throne with death of brother, Louis XVIII
Tried to rule as absolute monarch
Citizens revolted, Revolution of 1830
Charles abdicated, fled to England
Moderate liberals formed constitutional monarchy
Chose Louis Philippe new king
Popular with middle class

11. Louis Philippe
Increased number of voters, but only extended vote to more wealthy citizens
Limited freedom of press
rule became increasingly repressive
silenced most who opposed him
working people grew poorer
middle class and aristocracy became more prosperous
Popularity deteriorated rapidly with economic depression of 1846

12. The Revolution of 1848
The economic troubles and general unhappiness simmered until 1848.
Middle- and working- class protesters took to streets
Louis Philippe abdicated
New government formed, a republic headed by a president
Voters elected Napoleon’s nephew, Louis Napoleon

13. Second Republic
Era known as Second Republic; First Republic existed between French Revolution, reign of Napoleon
Revolution of 1848 had far-reaching effects:
ensured all adult men had right to vote
fueled new women’s rights movement
inspired other European revolutions

14. New Constitution
French constitution allowed president to serve four years
Louis Napoleon wanted to remain in office
1851, sent troops to Paris, arrested members of National Assembly who opposed him
Called for national vote on drafting new constitution
1852, French elected him Emperor Napoleon III

15. Period became known as Second Empire
Napoleon III made reforms such as increasing voting rights but always kept absolute power as emperor
Ruled during time of economic prosperity
Built many miles of railroads, helped increase trade and improved communications in France

16. The Third Republic War with Prussia
1870, Napoleon III drew France into war with Prussia
Napoleon III captured, surrendered to Prussians
Deposed
Defeat led French Assembly to depose Napoleon III
Proclaimed Third Republic
Siege of Paris
New republic immediately faced crisis
Prussians invaded France, began siege of Paris
Important Reforms
Primary education available for children
Trade unions legalized, working hours reduced, workers got one day off per week

17. The Dreyfus Affair Divisions continued to split French society
1894, divisions came to head over the Dreyfus Affair, revealing extent of French anti-Semitism (prejudice toward Jews)
Alfred Dreyfus, captain in French army, Jewish
Falsely accused of betraying military secrets to Germany
Anti-Semitic officers knew he was not guilty, let Dreyfus take blame
Evidence suggested another, non-Jewish, officer may have been spy, but found not guilty in court
Zionism movement began, called for re-creation of a Jewish state in original homeland

18. 23.3 Latin America
The Enlightenment and the American and French revolutions inspired some in Latin America to seek greater freedom.

19. Haiti
Saint Domingue was the first Latin American territory to break ties with Europe
Sugar exports made Saint Domingue one of France’s richest possessions. Prosperity built on slave labor
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen gave vote to all free men, including mulattoes
French settlers on Saint Domingue resisted new law
Toussaint L’Ouverture led bloody revolt against settlers
Revolutionaries declared independence from France; named new country Haiti

20. Mexico
1810, Father Miguel Hidalgo called for the peasants to revolt against the peninsulares, not against Spain
began the revolution
After death of Hidalgo, Jose Maria Morelos, became leader of revolutionary movement
Morelos wanted independence from Spain and an "American" identity to unify all people born in Mexico

21. Mexico (cont.) Agustin de Iturbide
Asked by Spanish authorities to lead final battle against revolutionaries. They believed he could end Mexican independence movement
Iturbide believed liberal revolution underway in Spain might take away some of his power so he decided to switch sides, fight for Mexican revolutionaries
Iturbide wanted to create an independent monarchy, give creoles and peninsulares equal rights, make the Roman Catholic Church the official church of Mexico
Brokered a compromise which brought together many different groups; creoles and peninsulares, revolutionaries and royalists
In 1821, Mexico declared independence from Spain

22. Simon Bolivar Bolivar had dream for newly independent South America
Wanted to form one large, united country called Federation of the Andes
Dream never became reality
Bolivar set up state of Gran Colombia, included what are now Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, Ecuador
Other leaders set up separate countries in Peru, Bolivia, other places

23. José de San Martin Had fought against Napoleon in Spain
Born in Argentina, returned home when he learned country rising up against Spanish rule
Eventually led independence movement in Argentina and most of southern South America

24. John VI in Brazil
1807, Portuguese king John VI, family, fled to Brazil when Napoleon invaded Portugal
Status of colony raised having Portuguese monarch there
John VI named Rio de Janeiro capital of Portuguese empire
Allowed Brazil to trade directly with world, rather than through Portugal

25. Pedro I John VI returned to Portugal after revolution, 1820
Left son Pedro to rule Brazil
Brazilian-born colonists began to protest colonial status
Transition happened smoothly, little violence
1822, Prince Pedro declared Brazil independent, was crowned Emperor Pedro I