1. Kingdom Plantae

2. Outcomes Recognize the role of plants within an ecozone
Use plant morphology to communicate about the role of plants in an ecosystem
Understand how plants function including: photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration, function of root hairs, and vascular tissue

3. Kingdom Plantae
All organisms on Earth depend on the photosynthetic ability of plants
Autotrophs capture and store energy from sunlight in various compounds.
Heterotrophs use the energy captured by autotrophs when they consume plants.

4. Sec 30-1 Overview of Plants
Plants all share some characteristics
All plants are photosynthetic.
All plants are multicellular.
All plants are eukaryotic organisms.
All plants can reproduce sexually.

5. Adapting to Land
Land plants had to develop new structures to replace the advantages provided by an aquatic environment.
The earliest plants needed water to supply nutrients, for photosynthesis and for fertilization.
In a terrestrial environment water may be scarce, most usable liquid water exists only in the soil.
Temperature or climate on land is more unpredictable and harsher than in the water which means greater water loss by transpiration.

6. Preventing Water Loss
One early adaption to life on land is the cuticle which enabled plants to conserve water by slowing evaporation from the plant’s body
The cuticle is a waxy, waterproof layer that coats the parts of a plant exposed to air.

7. Preventing Water Loss
Since the cuticle also did not allow CO2 into the leaf, small openings called stomata allows for the exchange of gases
The stomata open and close depending upon the amount of water in the cells.

8. Plant Reproduction
Early land plants needed water for reproduction, because sperm had to swim through water to fertilize an egg
Successful land plants also developed structures that helped protect reproductive cells from drying out
A spore contains a haploid reproductive cell surrounded by a hard outer wall.
A seed is an embryo surrounded by a protective coat.

9. Seeds are more effective at dispersal than spores because:
They are not as light so do not get lost as easily by the wind.
They utilize wind and animals for dispersal
They provide the offspring with food material known as endosperm.

10. Transport of Materials
Early plants were short because they didn’t need much support and could not be far from their water source.
An adaptation for support was development of lignin which is a hard compound that strengthens cell walls, enabling cells to support additional weight.

11. In addition to support was the development of special tissue for the transport of materials (water and nutrients) in the plant.
This special tissue is called vascular tissue. There are two types of specialized tissue that makes up vascular tissue.
Xylem – carries water and inorganic nutrients in one direction, from the roots to the stems and leaves.
Phloem – carries organic compounds, in any direction, depending on the plant’s needs.

12. Classifying Plants
The 12 divisions of plants can be divided into two groups based on the presence of vascular tissue. (Table 30-1) – p 4
The three divisions of nonvascular plants do not have true vascular tissue nor true roots, stems, or leaves.
The nine divisions of vascular plants have vascular tissue and true roots, stems, and leaves.

13. Vascular Plant Classification
Vascular plants can be divided into two groups
Seedless Plants – the ferns and their relatives that reproduce by spores.
Seed Plants – the plants that produce seeds for reproduction.
Vascular Seedless
Psilophyta
Lycophyta
Sphenophyta
Pterophyta
Vascular, Seed
Gymnosperms
Cycadophyta
Ginkgophyta
Coniferophyta
Gnetophyta
Angiosperms
Anthophyta
C - Monocotyledones
C - Dicotyledones

14. Plant Evolution
Scientists believe that plants evolved from multicellular terrestrial algae
This is supported by the many structural and biochemical similarities:
Both have the same photosynthetic pigments.
Both have cell walls that contain cellulose
Both develop a cell plate during cell division.
Both store energy as starch.

15. Alternation of Generations
All plants have a life cycle, called Alternation of Generations, that involves two phases
The first phase consists of a haploid gametophyte that produces eggs and sperm.
The second phase is a diploid sporophyte that produces spores.

16. Alternation of Generations
The gametophyte produces structures that form gametes, egg and sperm, by mitosis.
Once an egg is fertilized by a sperm and produces a zygote, the plant begins the second phase of its life cycle.
The zygote divides by mitosis to form a sporophyte plant.
The sporophyte produces structures that undergo meiosis to form haploid spores.
These spores are released by most seedless plants, but are retained by seed plants.
The life cycle begins again when the spores divided by mitosis to form new gametophytes

17. Alternation of Generations
In nonvascular plants, the gametophyte is the dominant phase.

18. Alternation of Generations
In vascular plants the sporophyte phase is the dominant phase.

19. Complete
RG & Review 30.1

20. Sec 30-2 Nonvascular Plants
The three phyla of nonvascular plants are collectively called BRYOPHYTES
They lack vascular tissue and do not form true roots, stems, or leaves
These plants usually live on land near streams and rivers.

21. Characteristics of Bryophytes
Bryophytes are:
Nonvascular
Seedless
Produce spores
Usually very small plants (1-2 cm)
Depend on water for reproduction
Do not have true roots, stems or leaves

22. Bryophyte Structures
Instead of roots, bryophytes have long, thin strands of cells called rhizoids that attach the plant to the soil.
They have flat, broad tissues that function somewhat like leaves and are photosynthetic

23. Division Bryophyta - Mosses
Thick carpet of moss on the forest floor
Each gametophyte is attached to the soil by rhizoids
Usually less than 3 cm tall

24. Division Bryophyta - Mosses
The moss sporophyte is attached to and dependent on the large gametophyte

25. Division Bryophyta - Mosses
Gametophytes maybe male or female

26. Division Bryophyta - Mosses

27. Division Bryophyta - Mosses
Mosses are called pioneer plants because they are often the first to inhabit a barren area
Mosses help prevent soil erosion by covering the soil surface and absorbing water

28. Division Hepatophyta - Liverworts
Liverworts are unusual looking plant that grow in moist, shady areas
They can have a thin transparent leaf-like structure on a stem axis
They could have a thalloid form, a flat body that has an upper and lower surface.

29. Division Anthocerophyta - hornworts
Hornworts grow in moist, shaded areas
They share an unusual characteristic with algae, each cell usually has a single large chloroplast

30. Complete
RG & Review 30.2

31. Sec 30-3 Vascular Plants
Vascular plants contain specialized conducting tissue (xylem and phloem) that transport water and dissolved substance from part of the plant to another part of the plant.

32. Seedless Vascular Plants
There are four phyla of seedless vascular plants
Psilotophyta
Lycophyta
Sphenophyta
Pterophyta

33. Division Psilotophyta – Whisk Fern
Whisk ferns are not ferns at all.
They have no roots or leaves and produce spores on the ends of short branches
Whisk ferns are epiphytes, which means they grow on other plants but are not parasites

34. Division Lycophyta – Club Mosses
Club mosses look like miniature pine tree, often called ground pines
The cone-like structure, called a strobilus contains sporangia-bearing modified leaves

35. Division Spenophyta - Horsetails
Horsetails have jointed photosynthetic stems that contain silica, with scale-like leaves at each joint

36. Division Pterophyta - Ferns
Ferns have leaves (called fronds) and an underground stem (called a rhizome)
New leaves of a fern are called fiddleheads.

37. Fern Life Cycle

38. Vascular Seed Plants
The mobile sexual reproductive part of a seed plant is the multicellular seed.
Plants with seeds have a greater chance of reproductive success than seedless plants.

39. Vascular Seed Plants
Inside the tough, protective coat of a seed is an embryo and a nutrient supply
When conditions favour growth, the see sprouts, or germinates, the embryo grows into a seedling

40. Vascular Seed Plants There are two main groups of seed-bearing plants
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms

41. Vascular Seed Plants - Gymnosperms
Gymnosperms have ‘naked seeds’ – the seeds do not have a protective covering
The largest division of gymnosperms are the conifers which produce cones

42. Vascular Seed Plants - Gymnosperms
A cone is a specialized reproductive structure composed of hard scales, which produces seeds without a fruit.
Most conifers have simple needlelike leaves

43. Vascular Seed Plants - Angiosperms
Angiosperms produce seeds enclosed and protected by a fruit

44. Vascular Seed Plants - Angiosperms
Angiosperms are referred to as flowering plants
All angiosperms produce flowers and seeds
The protective structure that contains the seed or seeds of an angiosperm is the fruit.

45. Vascular Seed Plants There are five phyla of vascular seed plants
Cyadophyta
Ginkgophyta
Coniferophyta
Gnetophyta
Anthophyta

46. Vascular Seed Plants – Division Cycadophyta
Cycads are gymnosperms, that flourished during the age of dinosaurs
Most are native to the tropics and grow slowly
Most cycads have fern-like, leathery leaves at the top of short, thick trunks

47. Vascular Seed Plants – Division Ginkgophyta
Ginkgoes flourished during the time of the dinosaur
Only one species survives today
The ginkgo has fan-shaped leaves that fall from the tree at the end of each growing season so are called deciduous

48. Vascular Seed Plants – Division Coniferophyta
The conifers are the most common Gymnosperms
Conifers are woody plants and most have needles as leaves

49. Vascular Seed Plants – Division Coniferophyta
A conifer usually bears both male and female cones.
The male cones typically grow at the top of the tree while the female cone is below.

51. Vascular Seed Plants – Division Gnetophytes
Gnetophytes are an odd group of cone-bearing Gymnosperms that have vascular systems that more closely resemble those of angiosperms

52. Vascular Seed Plants – Phylum Anthophyta (Angiosperms)
The largest phylum of plants
Known as flowering plants that produce seeds from flowers protected by fruit.

53. Vascular Seed Plants – Phylum Anthophyta
A fruit is a ripened ovary that surrounds the seeds of angiosperms.
The ovary is the female reproductive part of the flower that enclosed the egg.

54. Vascular Seed Plants – Phylum Anthophyta
Angiosperms grow in many forms and occupy diverse habitats. Some are :
Herbaceous plants with showy flowers or grasses
Shrubs with flexible stems
Vines with stems that will wind around objects
Woody stems that have very solid stems

55. Vascular Seed Plants – Evolution of Angiosperms
Angiosperms first appeared in the fossil record about 135 million years ago.
Several factors led to the success of angiosperms:
Seeds germinate and produce mature plants
Fruits protect the seeds and aid in dispersal
Have a more efficient vascular system
Use animal and wind pollination
More diverse, occupy more niches

57. Vascular Seed Plants – Phylum Anthophyta - Monocots and Dicots
Angiosperms are divided into two classes: monocotyledones (monocots) and dicotyledones (dicots), by counting the number of seed leaves or coytledons, in the plants embryo

58. Vascular Seed Plants – Phylum Anthophyta - Monocotyledones
Angiosperms with only one cotyledon are called monocots
Typical monocot (corn and grass) has narrow leaves with parallel veins called parallel venation
Flower parts are in multiples of three
Vascular tissue bundles are scattered throughout the stem

59. Vascular Seed Plants – Phylum Anthophyta - Dicotyledones
Angiosperms with two cotyledons are called dicots
Typical dicot (beans and trees) have broad leaves with branching veins called net venation
Flower parts are in multiples of four or five
Vascular tissue bundles are arranged in rings in the stem

60. Vascular Seed Plant’s Success
Neither gymnosperms nor angiosperms depend on an external source of water for fertilization.
Fertilization occurs after pollen grains are transferred from one plant to another by wind or by animals
The evolution of the seed and the decrease dependence on water have made the gymnosperm and angiosperm successful organisms

61. Activity – Plants around School
In small groups, travel around the school to areas you may think there are plants (Mrs. Connors room, Mr. Rawlyk’s room), take a picture and then classify the plant based on what you observe, providing a justification for that classification. Major things to classify: - Take a picture! - Is it vascular or nonvascular? - Is it a seed-bearing Plant? - If so, is it an Angiosperm or Gymnosperm? - What division does it likely belong to? - If it’s an angiosperm, is it a monocot or dicot?