1. Why are we here? Obviously, to learn about human anatomy and physiology. But, what does that mean? Before we begin, we’ve got to figure a few things out: 1.What’s a human? 2.What’s anatomy? 3.What’s physiology?

2. What are humans? Organisms are classified as human because they are: –Animals –Vertebrates Possess backbones –Mammals Possess: –Mammary glands –Hair –Endothermy (i.e., we generate heat internally) –Heterodonty (i.e., we have teeth w/ different shapes and functions) –3 middle ear bones.

3. What are humans? –Primates Possess: –Opposable thumbs (can you touch your pinky with your thumb?). What advantage does this confer? –2 clavicles (collarbones) –Only 2 mammary glands. Why only 2? (Think about how many kids a woman normally gives birth to.) –Forward facing eyes with stereoscopic vision (for depth perception) –Hominids Bipedal (walk on 2 legs) Possess a large brain size/body size ratio

4. What is anatomy? –Anatomy is defined as the study of… Structure refers to the shapes, sizes, and characteristics of the components of the human body. The word anatomy comes from 2 words: –Ana which means “up or apart” –Tomos which means “to cut” Why these two words????

5. Types of Anatomy We can divide our study of structure into 2 parts: Study of stuff seen by the naked eye (Gross Anatomy). Study of stuff seen ONLY with the microscope (Microanatomy). –We can divide microanatomy into: »Histology – study of tissues »Cytology – study of individual cells.

6. Physiology Physiology is defined as the study of function – so human physiology attempts to explain how and why humans function. Physiology is where we figure out how stuff works. How do muscles contract? How do we run? How does our heart beat?

7. Some Important Themes 1.Biology is hierarchical with each level building on the level below it. 2.Each level of biological structure has emergent properties. 3.Cells are an organism’s basic unit of structure and function. 4.Structure and function are correlated at all levels of biological organization!!!!!!!! 5.Regulatory mechanisms ensure a dynamic balance in living systems.

8. Levels of Structure In order to understand how something is built and how something works, you must look at all of its components and analyze them both individually and together. In doing these collective and separate analyses, you must examine things at multiple structural levels, i.e., one must break them down from large to small – this is called reductionism An organism (such as a human being) may be broken down as illustrated on the left. Organelle Cell Tissue Organ Organ System Organism

10. Levels of Structure The basic unit of life is the cell. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells. The human body contains about 100 trillion cells. There are about 200 different types of cells in the human body. The different types of cells have different features but for the most part, all cells are made up of organelles and various macromolecules (e.g., proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids). Organelles themselves are made of these macromolecules and macromolecules are polymers of smaller molecules which consist of atoms of various chemical elements.

11. A Prototypical Cell

12. Integumentary System Structures: -Skin, hair, sweat and oil glands Functions: -Forms the external body covering -Protects deeper tissues from injury -Involved in vitamin D synthesis -Prevents desiccation, heat loss, and pathogen entry -Site of pain and pressure receptors

13. Skeletal System Structures: –The 206 bones of the human body Functions: –Protects and supports body organs What characteristics might bone have that allows it to support and protect? –Provides a framework that muscles can use to create movement –Hemopoiesis (synthesis of blood cells) –Mineral storage Bone contains 99% of the body’s store of what mineral? (Hint  you can get this mineral from drinking milk)

14. Muscular System Structures: –The 600+ muscles of the body Functions: –Locomotion –Manipulation of the environment –Maintaining posture –Thermogenesis (generation of heat)

15. Nervous System Structures: –Brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves Functions: –Fast-acting control system of the body –Monitoring of the internal and external environment and responding (when necessary) by initiating muscular or glandular activity

16. Endocrine System Structures: –Hormone-secreting glands Pituitary, Thyroid, Thymus, Pineal, Parathyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, Small Intestine, Stomach, Testes, Ovaries, Kidneys, Heart Functions: –Long-term control system of the body –Regulates growth, reproduction, and nutrient use among other things.

17. Cardiovascular System Structures: –Heart, Blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries) Functions: –The heart pumps blood thru the blood vessels. –Blood provides the transport medium for nutrients (glucose, amino acids, lipids), gases (O 2, CO 2 ), wastes (urea, creatinine), signaling molecules (hormones), and heat.

18. Lymphatic/Immune System Structures: –Lymphatic vessels, Lymph nodes, Spleen, Thymus, Red bone marrow Functions: –Returning “leaked” fluid back to the bloodstream, –Disposal of debris –Attacking and resisting foreign invaders (pathogens i.e., disease- causing organisms)

19. Respiratory System Structures: –Nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs Functions: –Constantly supply the blood with O 2, and remove CO 2 –Regulate blood pH

20. Digestive System Structures: –Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder Functions: –Ingestion and subsequent breakdown of food into absorbable units that will enter the blood for distribution to the body’s cells

21. Urinary System Structures: –Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra Functions: –Removal of nitrogenous wastes –Regulation of body’s levels of water, electrolytes, and acidity

22. Reproductive System Structures: –Male: Testes, scrotum, epididymis, vas deferens, urethra, prostate gland, seminal vesicles, penis –Female: Ovary, uterine tube, uterus, cervix, vagina, mammary glands Functions: –Production of offspring

23. Stayin’ Alive Your body has about 100 trillion cells in it. For your life to NOT end abruptly, these cells need to have the correct amount of: Oxygen Nutrients Waste removal Heat Ions (sodium, calcium, etc.) Lots of other stuff

24. Homeostasis Defined as the body’s ability to maintain stable internal conditions in spite of the changing external conditions. We just said that our body needs to have the right amount of stuff (i.e., temperature, blood [glucose], pH etc.) at all times in order to function properly. First, let’s refer to all this stuff as “different variables” Note: the brackets surrounding the word glucose in the above paragraph mean “concentration of glucose,” i.e., how much glucose is dissolved in a particular fluid (blood in this case)