1. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs ); ch.16  Gonorrhea  Chlamydia  Syphilis  Herpes  Genital warts  HIV/AIDS

2. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Gonorrhea This patient presented with gonococcal urethritis, which became systemically disseminated leading to gonococcal conjunctivitis of the right eye. – CDC.gov Cervical smear – CDC.gov

3. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Gonorrhea  Etiological agent:  Attaches to oral or urogenital mucosa by fimbriae and Opa protein.  Females may be asymptomatic; males have painful urination and pus discharge.  Treatment is with antibiotics.

4. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Gonorrhea  If left untreated, may result in  Endocarditis, Meningitis, Arthritis  Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)  can cause:  infertility  chronic abdominal pain  ectopic pregnancy

5. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Gonorrhea Figure 26.5a

6. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nongonococcal Urethritis  Chlamydia Chlamydia  Etiological agent:  One of the most common “reportable” STD’s in the U.S.  Commonly, signs and symptoms are mild or non- existent, at first

7. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Chlamydia  Painful urination and abnormal discharge (in men and women)  May be transmitted to a newborn's eyes  PID  Rarely, infection of the epididymis

8. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Syphilis  Etiological agent:  Invades mucosa or through skin breaks. Figure 26.10

9. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Syphilis  Primary stage:  forms at site of infection, 10 – 90 days after infection  Lasts 3 to 6 weeks on average  Secondary stage:  Skin and mucosal rashes  Rash may emerge as chancre is healing, or weeks later

10. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Syphilis  Latent period: No symptoms (may last 20 yrs. or more)  Tertiary:  Gummas on many organs  Primary and secondary stages treated with penicillin

11. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Syphilis Figure 26.9a

12. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Vaginosis/Vaginitis  Common etiological agents  Gardnerella vaginalis,  Candida albicans,  Trichomonas vaginalis,  Signs and symptoms  Odor, discharge, irritation  infection may be a factor in premature births and low birth-weight

13. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Genital Herpes  Etiological agent: Herpes simplex virus 2 (Human herpesvirus 2 or HHV–2); Can be caused by HHV-1  Transmission: direct contact and auto-inoculation  Signs and symptoms: none; periodic outbreaks of fluid-filled vesicles; encephalitis

14. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Genital Herpes  Neonatal herpes transmitted to fetus or newborns  Recurrences from viruses latent in nerves  Suppression: Acyclovir, and other antivirals

15. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Genital Warts  Etiological agent:  Transmission: direct contact and auto-inoculation  Signs and symptoms: none; warts; cancer  HPV 16 may cause cervical and penile cancer.

16. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Genital Warts  Prevention of cervical cancer: Pap smearPap smear  DNA test is needed to detect cancer-causing strains.  Vaccination against HPV strains

17. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings HIV/AIDS  HIV = Human Immunodeficiency Virus  AIDS = Aquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome  Transmission: direct contact;  Sexual contact (blood, semen, vaginal secretions)  Needle sharing; needle stick  Breast milk  Across placenta

18. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings HIV infection  HIV invades  The virus may remain latent in cell for many years  Multiplication of virus destroys cell, leading to a weakened immune system  Opportunistic pathogens can infect

19. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings HIV/AIDS