1. Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed)
Chapter 13
Emotion
James A. McCubbin, PhD
Clemson University
Worth Publishers

2. Does your heart pound b/c you are afraid…
Chapter 13: Emotion:
A response of the whole organism & involves…  physiological arousal  expressive behaviors  conscious experience Emotion requires mainly WHICH nervous system?
Theories of Emotion: Main ? is….
Which is cause….Which is effect?:
Does your heart pound b/c you are afraid…
…OR R U afraid b/c you feel your heart pounding?
3 MAIN theories of emotion try to answer this:
James-Lange’s
Cannon-Bard’s
Schacter’s KNOW which is which!!!

3. James-Lange Theory of Emotion
Says experience of emotion is an awareness of physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli
see it  heart pounds  feel fear
Fear
(emotion)
Pounding
heart
(arousal)
Sight of
oncoming
car
(perception of
stimulus)

4. Emotion-arousing stimuli simultaneously trigger:
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion: Emotion = See it  heart pounds + fear (together)
Emotion-arousing stimuli simultaneously trigger:
physiological responses
subjective experience of emotion
Sight of
oncoming
car
(perception of
stimulus)
Pounding
heart
(arousal)
Fear
(emotion)

5. Schachter’s 2-Factor Theory of Emo.
Says to experience emotion one must:
be physically aroused
cognitively label the arousal…so emotion is…
See = heart pound + think of “fear” = fear
Cognitive
label
“I’m afraid”
Fear
(emotion)
Sight of
car
(perception of
stimulus)
Pounding
heart
(arousal)

6. COMPARING 2 of the Theories of emotion

7. Cogni. & Emot.: Brain’s emotional shortcuts
Must cognition come b4 emotion?
R. Zajonc says “No”…
-1 way: subliminal awareness (subconsciously aware…)
- shortcut fr. eye (or ear)  thalamus  amygdala

8. Facial Feedback Hypothesis (Effect):
If you
make a
smile w/
a pen,
you will
feel
happier
frown-like
motion,
feel sadder

9. 2 Routes to Emotion: Zajonc-LeDoux
2 Routes to Emotion: Zajonc-LeDoux.: We can react to emotion, then think about whether to worry much about it…

10. 2 Dimensions (aspects) of Emotion: Can it be Pos. vs. neg
2 Dimensions (aspects) of Emotion: Can it be Pos. vs. neg. b/c of personality? “Up” & ready to perform…or stage fright?
Positive
valence
Negative
High
arousal
Low
pleasant
Relaxation:
Ahhh…
Joy:
Yippee!!
Sadness
Oh, well…
fear
Anger
GOOD GRIEF!!

11. Emotion & Physiology: STRESS! (506):
Autonomic NS controls
physiological arousal
Sympathetic
division (arousing)
Pupils dilate
Decreases
Perspires
Increases
Accelerates
Inhibits
Secrete stress
hormones
Parasympathetic
division (calming)
Pupils contract
Dries
Slows
Activates
secretion of
stress
EYES
SALIVATION
SKIN
RESPIRATION
HEART
DIGESTION
ADRENAL
GLANDS

12. Arousal & Performance: KNOW these! Yerkes-Dodson Law
For difficult tasks:
Perform BEST at lower levels of arousal (stress)
For easy or well-learned tasks:
Perform BEST at higher levels of arousal

13. Emotion: “Lie Detectors” p. 508-9
Polygraph: machine commonly used in attempts to detect lies
measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion
perspiration
cardiovascular
breathing changes
Control question : Up to age 18, did you ever physically harm anyone?
Relevant ? : Did [the deceased] threaten to harm you in any way?
Relevant  Control  Lie

14. Emotion--A Polygraph Exam (lie-detector): Is really an “emotion detector!”

15. Emotion--Lie Detectors
Control
question
Relevant
(a)
(b)
Respiration
Perspiration
Heart rate

16. Emotion--Lie Detectors
50 Innocents
50 Thieves
1/3 of innocent declared guilty
1/4 of guilty declared innocent
(from Kleinmuntz & Szucko, 1984)
Percentage
Innocent
people
Guilty 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
Judged innocent by polygraph
Judged guilty by polygraph

17. Emotion--Lie Detectors p. 508-9
MAYBE should be called a “fear-detector” test? Why?
Use in court? Since when? See “Aldrich Ames”
Is 70% accuracy good?
Assume 5% of 1000 employees actually guilty
test all employee…285 will be wrongly accused
What about “95% accuracy”?
Means if 1 in 1000 employees actually guilty...
test all employees (1 guilt )
50 wrongly declared guilty
1 of 51 testing positive guilty (~2%)
--What do we see?
QUICK!! Next slide! Don’t talk!
 Just write down expressions YOU SEE!!!

18. Liar, liar, brain’s on fire  RECENT research: M. Gazzaniga:
An fMRI scan identified two brain areas that became especially active when a participant lied about holding a five of clubs. Can we use BRAIN SCANS to identify those lying..like terrorists??

19.  

20. Expressed Emotion Ppl detect an angry face faster than a happy one!
Gender & expressiveness
Men
Women
Sad Happy Scary
Film Type 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2
# of
expressions

21. Experienced vs. Expressed emotions Expressed Emotion: “Expressions” (what we show)
Culturally universal (aka cross-cultural) expressions: Name each…
P. 514: Which 2 are MOST universally interpreted?
WHICH do teens often misinterpret?

22. Expressed Emotion says these are the ingredients of emotion

23. Experienced Emotion: What influences our conscious experience… How emotions influence our situations Infants’ naturally occurring emotions

24. Display Rules, Gestures, Emblems: Body Language
Display Rules: Culturally defined rules that specify which emotions should or should not be expressed under certain circumstances: Bowing vs. shaking hands Showing anger : not done in some collectivist societies (like Japan—more likely to be inhibited Gestures : common body language w/in a culture: Ex’s: Clenched fist can indicate anger …or solidarity Thumbs up/down: often used as gestures of approval/disapproval Emblems: body language that substitutes for a word; can sometimes be unconscious; also related to cultures: PEACE!

25. Experienced Emotion The Amygdala- (aka amygdale)
A neural key to fear-learning
-Fear poisons us…
-..is adaptive
-..is learned (little Albert?)
-..is correlated w/ higher levels of serotonin (genetic)
WHAT happens w/ excessive stress & emotion?? 

26. Stress & the Heart: Personality Types (from ch 14)
“Type A Personality”
Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, & anger-prone people
*Possible sub-category of “A”?? Some say there’s a.. TYPE D: Newer term:
--gets very angry, is destructive emotionally
…road-rage, etc. (distressed, destructive)
-A special form of Type A
Type B
Friedman & Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people (“calm-water”)

27. Stress & Illness (from ch. 14)
General Adaptation Syndrome
Selye’s idea of the body’s adaptive response to stress in
3 stages:
Alarm
Resistance
Exhaustion
Stress & Illness (from ch. 14)
Stress
resistance
Phase 1
Alarm
reaction
(mobilize
resources)
Phase 2
Resistance
(cope w/
stressor)
Phase 3
Exhaustion
(reserves
depleted)
The body’s resistance to stress can
last only so long before exhaustion sets in
Stressor
occurs

28. Catharsis hypothesis: emotional release catharsis hypothesis
Experienced Emotion: Anger & how it affects us Happiness? + what influences happiness…
Catharsis hypothesis:
emotional release
catharsis hypothesis
“releasing” aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges
(Good idea…….But…it doesn’t work!)
Feel-good, do-good phenomenon: This does work!
people’s tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood
ALSO…if you are NOT pushed for time, you are more likely to stop & help someone else in need

29. Stress and Disease: Suppression of Immune system
Negative emotions and health-related consequences
Unhealthy behaviors
(smoking, drinking,
poor nutrition and sleep)
Persistent stressors
and negative
emotions
Release of stress
hormones
Heart
disease
Immune
suppression
Autonomic nervous
system effects
(headaches,
hypertension)

30. Emotion: Stress & Disease
Psycho-physiological Illness
“mind-body” illness…EX: stress increases hypertension (high BP), migraines,
any stress-related physical illness
some forms of hypertension (hi BP & some headaches
Is NOT hypochondriasis (thinking you are sick all the time)
Lymphocytes: 2 types of white blood cells that are part of the body’s immune system
B lymphocytes form in the Bone marrow
- fight bacterial infections
T lymphocytes form in the Thymus
- attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances

31. Subjective Well-Being
Experienced Emotion
Subjective Well-Being
self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life
used along with measures of objective well-being
? = “Over-all, how satisfied are you with your life?”
physical and economic indicators to evaluate people’s quality of life
Most ppl.—even those who lost ability to walk, etc.– measure subjective well-being at 85% or higher.

32. Adaptation-Level Phenomenon
tendency to form judgments relative to a “neutral” level: Hot? …from Minnesota  VA  CA ?
What is “normal” depends on our situation, what we are used to… p. 526, 1st paragraph
*amt. of lights or sound … or level of income
defined by our prior experience (grass is greener?)
Relative Deprivation (being deprived)
perception that one is worse off is relative to those with whom one compares oneself
Make a $million per year?? What if you are a pro-ball player…would that seem as good? Why?
Get more…then …compare to others…Why not ME???
See cartoons, p 

33. Experienced Emotion: Mood changes w/ time of day… B_____Rhythms?
Moods across the day

34. Experienced Emotion: What we think about what brings us happiness
Changing materialism: An American increasing desire for wealth
Which is more important? Money or a meaning in life?

35. Values & life satisfaction: But which is most important? Love or money?
College students w/ highest life satisfaction scores? (below)
Money
Love
Life satisfaction
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
-0.2
-0.4
Importance
scores

36. Experienced Emotion
Pleasure: Where in brain is this produced?
The nucleus accumbens, in connection w/ the hypothalamus, produces our sense of pleasure—sexual, but also happiness, joy, & satisfaction
Does money buy happiness? See graph (524):
What has happened to the Amer. buying power since the ’50’s?
What has happened to % of ppl saying they are “very happy”?
Research: If you get more $$, you do tend more to happiness…temporarily…
Why? What happens??? 

37. Happiness is... ?? (527) But Happiness Seems Not Much
Researchers Have Found That
Happy People DO Tend to…
Have high self-esteem
(in individualistic countries)
Be optimistic, outgoing, and agreeable
Have close friendships or a satisfying
marriage
Have work and leisure that engage
their skills
Have a meaningful religious faith
Sleep well and exercise
But Happiness Seems Not Much
Related to Other Factors, like…
Age
Gender (women are more often
depressed, but also more often joyful)
Education levels
Parenthood (having children or not)
Physical attractiveness

38. Levels of analysis for the study of emotion As with other psychological phenomena, researchers explore emotion at biological, psychological, and social- cultural level
BIO-PSYCHO-SOCIAL