1. Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (6th Ed) Chapter 11 Emotions, Stress and Health James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers

2. Emotion  Emotion  a response of the whole organism  physiological arousal  expressive behaviors  conscious experience

3. Theories of Emotion  Does your heart pound because you are afraid... or are you afraid because you feel your heart pounding?

4. James-Lange Theory of Emotion  Experience of emotion is awareness of physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli Fear (emotion) Pounding heart (arousal) Sight of oncoming car (perception of stimulus)

5. Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion  Emotion-arousing stimuli simultaneously trigger:  physiological responses  subjective experience of emotion Sight of oncoming car (perception of stimulus) Pounding heart (arousal) Fear (emotion)

6. Schachter’s Two-Factor Theory of Emotion  To experience emotion one must:  be physically aroused  cognitively label the arousal Cognitive label “I’m afraid” Fear (emotion) Sight of oncoming car (perception of stimulus) Pounding heart (arousal)

7. Cognition and Emotion  The brain’s shortcut for emotions

8. Two Routes to Emotion

9. Emotion and Physiology Autonomic nervous system controls physiological arousal Sympathetic division (arousing) Pupils dilate Decreases Perspires Increases Accelerates Inhibits Secrete stress hormones Parasympathetic division (calming) Pupils contract Increases Dries Decreases Slows Activates Decreases secretion of stress hormones EYES SALIVATION SKIN RESPIRATION HEART DIGESTION ADRENAL GLANDS

10. Arousal and Performance  Performance peaks at lower levels of arousal for difficult tasks, and at higher levels for easy or well- learned tasks

11. Emotion - Lie Detectors  Polygraph  machine commonly used in attempts to detect lies  measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion  perspiration  cardiovascular  breathing changes

12. Emotion - A Polygraph Examination

13. Emotion - Lie Detectors  Control Question  Example- Up to age 18, did you ever physically harm anyone?  Relevant Question  Example- Did [the deceased] threaten to harm you in any way?  Relevant > Control --> Lie

14. Emotion - Lie Detectors  50 Innocents  50 Thieves  1/3 of innocent declared guilty  1/4 of guilty declared innocent (from Kleinmuntz & Szucko, 1984)

15. Expressed Emotion  People more speedily detect an angry face than a happy one (Ohman, 2001a)

16. Expressed Emotion  Gender and expressiveness Men Women Sad Happy Scary Film Type 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Number of expressions

17. Expressed Emotion  Culturally universal expressions

18. Experienced Emotion  Infants’ naturally occurring emotions

19. Experienced Emotion  Catharsis  emotional release  catharsis hypothesis  “releasing” aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges  Feel-good, do-good phenomenon  people’s tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood

20. Experienced Emotion  Subjective Well-Being  self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life  used along with measures of objective well-being  physical and economic indicators to evaluate people’s quality of life

21. Experienced Emotion  Moods across the day

22. Experienced Emotion  Changing materialism

23. Experienced Emotion  Does money buy happiness? Year 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Average per-person after-tax income in 1995 dollars Percentage describing themselves as very happy $20,000 $19,000 $18,000 $17,000 $16,000 $15,000 $14,000 $13,000 $12,000 $11,000 $10,000 $9,000 $8,000 $7,000 $6,000 $5,000 $4,000 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Percentage very happy Personal income

24. Experienced Emotion  Values and life satisfaction Money Love 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 Life satisfaction 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2 -0.4 Importance scores

25. Experienced Emotion  Adaptation-Level Phenomenon  tendency to form judgments relative to a “neutral” level  brightness of lights  volume of sound  level of income  defined by our prior experience  Relative Deprivation  perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself

26. Happiness is... Researchers Have Found That Happy People Tend to Have high self-esteem (in individualistic countries) Be optimistic, outgoing, and agreeable Have close friendships or a satisfying marriage Have work and leisure that engage their skills Have a meaningful religious faith Sleep well and exercise However, Happiness Seems Unrelated to Other Factors, Such as Age Gender (women are more often depressed, but also more often joyful) Education levels Parenthood (having children or not) Physical attractiveness

27. Stress and Illness  Stress  the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging

28. Stress Appraisal Stressful event (tough math test) Threat (“Yikes! This is beyond me!”) Challenge (“I’ve got to apply all I know”) Panic, freeze up Aroused, focused Appraisal Response

29. Stress and Illness  General Adaptation Syndrome  Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three stages Stress resistance Phase 1 Alarm reaction (mobilize resources) Phase 2 Resistance (cope with stressor) Phase 3 Exhaustion (reserves depleted) The body’s resistance to stress can last only so long before exhaustion sets in Stressor occurs

30. Stress and Health  Health Psychology  subfield of psychology that provides psychology’s contribution to behavioral medicine

31. Perceived Control  Equality and Longevity

32. Stress and the Heart Hopelessness scores 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 Heart attack Death Low riskModerate riskHigh risk Men who feel extreme hopelessness are at greater risk for heart attacks and early death

33. Stress and the Heart  Coronary Heart Disease  clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle  leading cause of death in many developed countries

34. Stress and the Heart  Type A  Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard- driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people  Type B  Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people

35. Stress and Disease  Psychophysiological Illness  “mind-body” illness  any stress-related physical illness  some forms of hypertension  some headaches  distinct from hypochondria— misinterpreting normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease

36. Stress and Disease  Lymphocytes  two types of white blood cells that are part of the body’s immune system  B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections  T lymphocytes form in the thymus and, among other duties, attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances

37. Stress and Disease  Conditioning of immune suppression UCS (drug) UCR (immune suppression) UCS (drug) UCR (immune suppression) CS (sweetened water) CS (sweetened water) CR (immune suppression)

38. Stress and Disease  Negative emotions and health-related consequences Unhealthy behaviors (smoking, drinking, poor nutrition and sleep) Persistent stressors and negative emotions Release of stress hormones Heart disease Immune suppression Autonomic nervous system effects (headaches, hypertension)

39. Promoting Health  Aerobic Exercise  sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness Depression score 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 Before treatment evaluation After treatment evaluation No-treatment group Aerobic exercise group Relaxation treatment group

40. Promoting Health  Biofeedback  system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state  blood pressure  muscle tension

41. Promoting Health  Modifying Type A life-style can reduce recurrence of heart attacks Percentage of patients with recurrent heart attacks (cumulative average) 65432106543210 Year 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 Life-style modification patients Control patients Modifying life-style reduced recurrent heart attacks

42. Promoting Health  Social support across the life span 12-14 18-19 25-34 45-54 65-74 15-17 20-24 35-44 55-64 75+ Age in years 100% 90 80 70 60 50 Percentage with high support

43. Life events Tendency toward HealthIllness Personal appraisal ChallengeThreat Personality type Easy going, Nondepressed, Optimistic Hostile, Depressed, Pessimistic Personal habits Nonsmoking, Regular exercise, Good nutrition Smoking, Sedentary, Poor nutrition Level of social support Close, enduringLacking Promoting Health

44. Alternative Medicine

45.  Predictors of mortality 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 Men Women Not smoking Regular exercise Weekly religious attendance Relative risk of dying

46. Promoting Health  Religious Attendance

47. Promoting Health  The religion factor is multidimensional Religious involvement Healthy behaviors (less smoking, drinking) Social support (faith communities, marriage) Positive emotions (less stress, anxiety) Better health (less immune system suppression, stress hormones, and suicide)