1. Queen Mary Tudor Princess Mary Education & Opposition
Securing the Crown
Marriage Prospects
Opposition to Philip
Foreign Affairs
Travel & Economics
Spanish Naval Practice
War with France
Domestic Transition
Conservative Recovery
Marian Catholicism
Protestant Retreat
Exile, Martyrdom, Nicodemism
England in November, 1558
Mary, 1544, National Portrait Gallery

2. Princess Mary, b. 1516
Early Years Attractive & Gifted Child Marriage Alliances (France, HRE, Scotland) Court Appearances; Dances “Great and uncommon mental endowments” Education Music, Latin; Plato, More, Erasmus Renaissance Humanism Opposition & Identity Boleyn, K.A.’s Banishment from Court, ‘31 Demoted from “Princess” (Elizabeth, ‘33) Relative Isolation from Circles of Power Catholic Leader; Hope for Conservatives Defiance of E6’s Supremacy; Stalwart
Princess Mary, c ; Miniature
National Portrait Gallery

3. Securing the Crown, 1553
Popular & Noble Support Conservatives & Protestants Alike Affirmed Act of Succession, ‘43 Gardiner; Howard, Norfolk Marriage Prospects England’s 1st Queen Regnant Edward Courtenay, Earl of Devon G-g.son of Edward IV; Debauched Philip of Spain, Heir to Charles V Personal, Political, Religious Choice Opposition to Philip Foreign Ruler; Foreign Entanglements Parliament, Council, Nobility Wyatt’s Rebellion, Jan./Feb. ‘54 Treaty: Title but not Power of “King” Married: July 25, 1554
Queen Mary, 1554, by Hans Eworth
National Portrait Gallery

4. Foreign Affairs
Travel & Economics Searching for New Markets Guinea (W. Africa), Baltic, Russia The Muscovy Company, 1555 Inherited Debt & Debased Coinage Financial Reforms; Book of Rates, ‘58 Benefit Felt by Elizabeth Spanish Martial Practice Philip and the English Fleet Organized Land Militia War with France (Habsburg Rivalry) Not Economically Wise Summer, ‘57: Aid to Spain January, ‘58: Loss of Calais
Queen Mary, 1554, by Anthonis Mor
Museo Del Prado, Madrid, Spain

5. Domestic Transition
Conservative Recovery Turning the Clock Back to 1529 Not Monastic Lands Doctrinally Catholic, > Marian Catholicism Reunion with Rome Philip’s Dominican Employees Spanish Tastes Return of Cardinal Reginald Pole Humanist Reform; Reconciliation Education; Diligence; High Standards Scholarly Episcopate Edmund Bonner, Bishop of London
Cardinal Pole, post-1536;

6. Protestant Retreat
Exile Emigrants to German, Swiss Lands Frankfurt, Saxony, Strasbourg, Zürich About 800 Total Martyrdom: Hugh Latimer & Nicholas Ridley, ‘55 Thomas Cranmer, ’56 John Rogers & Rowland Taylor Artisans & Laborers in the SE About 300 Total Nicodemism Keeping One’s Head Low; Conformity William Cecil, Matthew Parker, Elizabeth Roger Ascham, Richard Cheyney “Silent Majority” or General Apathy?
Cranmer’s End, Oxford, 1556
Foxe’s A&M, 1563

7. England in November, 1558
Domestic Situation Economy: Debasement, Inflation; Harvests Trade Disruptions; Epidemics Politics: Factions, Minority; Female Rule Illnesses; Rebellions; Succession Religion: Henrician Swings; Prot. Advance Catholic Return; Lay Apathy Foreign Relations France: Traditional Enemy; Auld Alliance Calais; Firmly Catholic Spain: Enemy or Ally?; Emerging Hegemony Habsburg HRE; Catholic Pillar Rome: Henry’s Break; Ed’s Denial Mary’s Embrace & Return Protestant International: Germany/Dmark Swiss Cantons; Confessional Allegiance
Princess Elizabeth, c. 1546; Windsor Castle