1. Homework: Complete a typed, MLA draft; PEER EDIT NEXT CLASS

2. The Samurai’s Garden Essays Hook (avoid YOU and I); Thesis (make sure you ANSWER the question!) Transitions (The first way Tsukiyama shows….) Relevant evidence (examples & quotes) – Quotes should PROVE your thesis or assertion – Don’t prove Stephen went to Tarumi; prove that nature healed him in Tarumi (if that’s your thesis) Explanation (context) – Who’s who, what’s going on in the book, etc. so evidence makes sense Come back to the thesis – EVERY paragraph – Make it obvious to your reader why they should care about your evidence: it SHOULD prove your point – Stephen and Matsu not only create a family-like relationship, they create a bond that’s the ideal for fathers and sons. Conclusions Once people expand their ideas of family, it becomes possible for them to receive all the love, support and acceptance they need.

3. Big Question= Thesis BQ: How is honor portrayed in society – Thesis: Tsukiyama shows through the actins of Kenzo, Matsu, and Stephen that honor is portrayed in myriad of ways. BQ: What is the nature of beauty? – Thesis: Through her use of characterization, Tsukiyama portrays beauty as being one with nature.

4. QUOTES 101: Formatting Option 1 NO punctuation at the end of the quotation NO comma inside the citation Period AFTER the parentheses AUTHOR somewhere inside () or outside quotation “Every day he was becoming convinced of the need for unity between Kameno and Makuyu” (Ngugi 91). Ngugi remembers, “Every day he was becoming convinced of the need for unity between Kameno and Makuyu” (91). OR … Option 2 * Page # & author outside quotation On page 91, Ngugi remembers, “Every day he was becoming convinced of the need for unity between Kameno and Makuyu.”

5. How to integrate quotes: Explain how the quote fits with your point. Connect the quote to your own writing. Examples: * Ngugi portrays Joshua as a negative character when he writes, “… he would never refrain from punishing a sin, even if this meant beating his wife” (31).

6. Context What’s going on in the book? Background information for an educated adult who has not read the book. Joshua sees himself as a savior, but Ngugi’s attitude toward Joshua is clearly different. The very first time Ngugi introduces Joshua to the reader, he paints the character in a negative light; he writes, “… [Joshua] would never refrain from punishing a sin, even if this meant beating his wife” (31).

7. Commentary Joshua sees himself as a savior, but Ngugi’s attitude toward Joshua is clearly different. The very first time Ngugi introduces Joshua to the reader, he paints the character in a negative light; he writes, “… [Joshua] would never refrain from punishing a sin, even if this meant beating his wife” (31). Clearly, Ngugi believes that religious ideas can be taken too far. His biting description of Joshua reveals one possible hypocrisy for those aiming towards religious ideals.

8. Quotes over 4 lines (Set up quote with colon, indent entire quote, no punctuation, page #, follow up analysis not indented) Tsukiyama’s passage of Stephen reflecting on the seasons provides insight into the changing of the plot: It has been much warmer the past few weeks. Since the day I saw Kieko, I’ve felt lighter. It’s as if the darkness of winter has lifted. Every day I can see spring arriving in the smallest ways (117). The changing winter into spring reveals how the story line is aligned with nature.

9. Partial Quotations Don’t use the whole quote unless you need to. Whole: “He was a man who, impregnated with the magic of the white man, would infuse the tribe with wisdom and strength, giving it new life” (Ngugi 91). Partial: Ngugi describes Waiyaki as “impregnated with the magic of the white man” (91) to show that he has joined with the values and knowledge of this new culture.

10. … If you leave out part of a quotation, use ellipses (…) in the place of words you’ve removed. Make sure you DO NOT change the author’s meaning.

11. … cont. “He looked forward to the day early next year when the parents would gather again, when he would tell them all to unite” (Ngugi 119). OR “He looked forward to the day early next year when…he would tell them all to unite” (Ngugi 119).

12. Bridging Quotes Ngugi describes Waiyaki as “impregnated with the magic of the white man,” and said that Waiyaki’s people thought he would “infuse the tribe with wisdom and strength” (91). This shows how much the Kiyuku people trust Waiyaki, even though he has become somewhat of an outsider.

13. Adding Transitional Phrases No transitions: (choppy!): Waiyaki wants his people to compromise. “Every day he was becoming convinced of the need for unity between Kameno and Makuyu” (Ngugi 91). Transitions: (smooth!?): Ngugi shows that Waiyaki wants his people to compromise by writing, “Every day he was becoming convinced of the need for unity between Kameo and Makuyu” (91).

14. Smoother Ngugi shows that Waiyaki wants his people to compromise. For example, on page 91, Ngugi writes, “Every day he was becoming convinced of the need for unity between Kameno and Makuyu.”

15. Brackets Adding to quotation to clarify (NOT change) author’s meaning. “He looked forward to the day …” (Ngugi 119). “[Waiyaki] looked forward to the day…” (Ngugi 119).

16. Paraphrasing When what you want from the source is the idea expressed, and not the specific language used to express it, paraphrase. If you can express, in fewer words, what the key point is, paraphrase.

17. Transitions Clearly, Ngugi believes that religious ideas can be taken too far. His biting description of Joshua reveals one possible hypocrisy. Further examples of Ngugi’s attitude toward the new religion include…