2. I. Pavlov John Watson Classical Conditioning B.F. Skinner A. Bandura Operant Conditioning Observational Learning

3. dog drool & bell Baby Albert pigeon reward & punishment BoBo Doll learning by watching

4.  How Do We Learn? How Do We Learn?  objective 1  Classical Conditioning Classical Conditioning  objectives 2-7  Operant Conditioning Operant Conditioning  objectives 8-13  Learning by Observation Learning by Observation  objectives 14-15 7-9% of test TEST: Tuesday Nov. 25th FRQ #3

5. Operant Conditioning

7.  Respondent behavior Respondent behavior  behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus (no control)  Operant conditioning Operant conditioning  Associate own actions with consequences CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

8.  Edward Thorndike’s Law of Effect Edward Thorndike’s Law of Effect  1874-1949  Rewarded behavior is likely to recur  Puzzle box  B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)  behavior control  Teach pigeons unpigeon- like behavior

9.  Operant Chamber (Skinner Box) Operant Chamber

10.  Shaping Shaping  reinforcers guide successive approximations  Discriminative stimulus Discriminative stimulus  in operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement).  Teach pigeon to peck after seeing human face but not other images, pigeon learns to recognize faces…faces= discriminative stimulus Which type of stimulus gets the reaction that is reinforced

11.  Reinforcer Reinforcer  Anything that strengthens the behavior it follows  Positive reinforcement – adds a positive Positive reinforcement  Negative reinforcement – removes a negative Negative reinforcement  Not punishment  Removes a punishing event 1.Another term for negative reinforcement: correction, reprimand, punishment 2.When you supply negative reinforcement it usually results in: weakening a behavior / strengthening a behavior 3. Do people look forward to negative reinforcement: yes / no

12.  Taking aspirin to relieve headache  Putting mittens on because it is cold  Giving in to a whining child  Fanning oneself to escape the heat  Leaving a movie theater if the movie is bad  Smoking in order to relieve anxiety  Feigning stomachache to avoid school  Putting up umbrellas to escape the rain

13.  Primary reinforcer Primary reinforcer  Satisfies a biological need  Conditioned reinforcer Conditioned reinforcer  Gains its reinforcing power through its association w/ the primary reinforcer  Secondary Reinforcer  Immediate vs Delayed Reinforcers  immediate best in animals  Humans respond to delayed  Social competent & high- achieving

14. 1. Continuous Reinforcment  Learning occurs rapidly, but…  Extinction occurs rapidly 2. Partial (intermittent) Reinforcment  Slower to learn but more resistant to extinction  4 types of partial schedules

15. slow/steady rate of responding Skinner’s Experiments Reinforcement Schedules  Ratio (2)  dependent on the behavior itself; a certain number of responses are needed before reinforcement will occur  FIXED –RATIO  reinforce behavior after set # of responses  VARIABLE-RATIO  reinforce behavior after unpredictable # of responses…slot machine  Interval (2)  involves a TIME element; time must pass before reinforcement will occur  FIXED –INTERVAL  reinforce 1 st response after set time…produces stop-start behavior (more as reward draws near)  VARIABLE-INTERVAL  reinforce 1 st response after varying time intervals high rate of responding

16. Skinner’s Experiments Reinforcement Schedules

18. slot machine

19. Skinner’s Experiments Reinforcement Schedules

20. Reinforcement Schedules Interval: subject must be behaving at the right time to get reinforcement

21.  Punishment Punishment  Positive punishment  Negative punishment Negative Reinforcement encourages behavior. When something unpleasant ceases, the behavior that caused it to stop is reinforced

22. Skinner’s Experiments Punishment

27. Are some of us more sensitive to punishment? Are some of us more sensitive to reward? Sensitivity to Punishment  Assign 1 point for each yes answer for odd #s  0-24 range Sensitivity to Reward  Assign 1 point for each yes answer for even #s High punish. Score vulnerable to anxiety. High reward score = impulsivity.

28.  Negatives of using punishment  Punished behavior is suppressed not forgotten  Punishment teaches discrimination  did child learn not to curse or just not to curse in house?  Punishment can teach fear  Physical punishment may increase aggression

29. Punishment tells you what not to do; reinforcement tells you what to do

30.  Latent learning  Cognitive map Cognitive map  Insight learning Insight  Intrinsic motivation Intrinsic motivation  Extrinsic motivation Extrinsic motivation overjustification effect

31.  Biological constraints predispose organisms to learn associations that are naturally adaptive  Instinctive Drift

32.  At school  In sports  At home  For self- improvement

33.  Similarities between classical and operant conditioning  Differences between classical and operant conditioning

34. Contrasting Classical and Operant Conditioning