1. Chapter 1 Bones and Muscles

2. Bone Basics Bone- is a kind of body tissue made of both living cells and nonliving material. Bone- is a kind of body tissue made of both living cells and nonliving material. Skeletal System- The system of bones and tissues that supports and protects the body. Skeletal System- The system of bones and tissues that supports and protects the body. http://www.medtropolis.c om/VBody.asp http://www.medtropolis.c om/VBody.asp http://www.medtropolis.c om/VBody.asp http://www.medtropolis.c om/VBody.asp

3. Joints Joint- is the place at which two bones meet. Joint- is the place at which two bones meet. Joints can be moveable or immovable (skull joints) Joints can be moveable or immovable (skull joints) Types of Movable Joints Types of Movable Joints Ball and Socket- Hip Ball and Socket- Hip Hinge- Knee Hinge- Knee Pivot- Neck Pivot- Neck Gliding- Ankle Gliding- Ankle Immovable joints (bony sutures) of the skull

4. Ball and Socket Joint Allows for great range of motion Allows for great range of motion Found in the hips and shoulders Found in the hips and shoulders One bone has a rounded end that fits into a cuplike cavity on another bone. This provides a wider range of movement. Thus, your hips and shoulders can swing in almost any direction. One bone has a rounded end that fits into a cuplike cavity on another bone. This provides a wider range of movement. Thus, your hips and shoulders can swing in almost any direction.

5. Hinge Joint Works like a door hinge Works like a door hinge Lets the lower leg move back and forth like a door opening and closing Lets the lower leg move back and forth like a door opening and closing Found in toes, elbows, knees, and fingers Found in toes, elbows, knees, and fingers

6. Gliding Joint One bone slides over another One bone slides over another Allows for greater range of motion Allows for greater range of motion

7. Pivot Joint Pivot joints allow rotation around an axis Pivot joints allow rotation around an axis The neck and forearms have pivot joints The neck and forearms have pivot joints In the forearms the radius and ulna twist around each other. In the forearms the radius and ulna twist around each other.forearms

8. Cartilage and Ligaments Bones are protected at joints by cartilage, a tissue much like bone but softer and more flexible Bones are protected at joints by cartilage, a tissue much like bone but softer and more flexible Bones are held in place by strong bands of fiber called ligaments Bones are held in place by strong bands of fiber called ligaments http://www.kidshealth.or g/kid/body/muscles_noS W.html http://www.kidshealth.or g/kid/body/muscles_noS W.html http://www.kidshealth.or g/kid/body/muscles_noS W.html http://www.kidshealth.or g/kid/body/muscles_noS W.html

9. Inside a Bone Periosteum- membrane that covers the bone Periosteum- membrane that covers the bone Compact bone- a layer of very hard material (gives bone its strength) Compact bone- a layer of very hard material (gives bone its strength) Spongy bone- Spongy bone- Softer than compact bone Softer than compact bone Contain many hollow spaces to help absorb shock Contain many hollow spaces to help absorb shock Marrow – a soft tissue where the body’s blood cells are produced. Marrow – a soft tissue where the body’s blood cells are produced. The blood cells leave the bone through blood vessels The blood cells leave the bone through blood vessels http://www.kidshealth.org/misc/movie/bodybasics/bone. html http://www.kidshealth.org/misc/movie/bodybasics/bone. html http://www.kidshealth.org/misc/movie/bodybasics/bone. html http://www.kidshealth.org/misc/movie/bodybasics/bone. html This website shows a diagram of a bone This website shows a diagram of a bone

12. How Do Muscles Work? Muscles attached to bones are called SKELETAL MUSCLES. Muscles attached to bones are called SKELETAL MUSCLES. The body has two other types of muscles as well… The body has two other types of muscles as well… Smooth Muscles - push food through your digestive system Smooth Muscles - push food through your digestive system Cardiac Muscles - muscles of the heart that cause it to beat Cardiac Muscles - muscles of the heart that cause it to beat

13. Why Are Bones Important? ___________________________ ___________________________

14. Tendons Muscles are attached to bones by tendons, which are strong ropelike fibers. Muscles are attached to bones by tendons, which are strong ropelike fibers.

15. Avoiding Bone and Muscle Injuries Sprain- involves the tearing of a ligament at a joint Sprain- involves the tearing of a ligament at a joint Strain- involves an overstretching or slight tearing of a muscle or a tendon that holds the muscle to the bone. (Pulled Muscle) Strain- involves an overstretching or slight tearing of a muscle or a tendon that holds the muscle to the bone. (Pulled Muscle) Muscle Cramp- a muscle contracts sharply and will not relax “charley horse” Muscle Cramp- a muscle contracts sharply and will not relax “charley horse”

16. Avoiding Bone and Muscle Injuries Tear- torn cartilage at joints or torn ligaments Tear- torn cartilage at joints or torn ligaments Often, tears cannot be detected by an X- ray. Sometimes an MRI is needed. Often, tears cannot be detected by an X- ray. Sometimes an MRI is needed. Here is an MRI of the knee. This is an axial image, which means it's as if we've cut perpendicular to the direction of a straight leg. The image shows the patella (knee cap) and the femur, which is the thigh bone. Of course, we're interested in looking at the cartilage.

17. Avoiding Bone and Muscle Injuries

18. Fracture- any break or crack of a bone Fracture- any break or crack of a bone Greenstick Fracture -is when the bone cracks on one side only, not all the way through. Greenstick Fracture -is when the bone cracks on one side only, not all the way through. Simple Fracture -is when the bone has broken into two pieces Simple Fracture -is when the bone has broken into two pieces

19. How to Avoid Injuries What steps can we take to avoid some of these injuries. What steps can we take to avoid some of these injuries. __________________________________ __________________________________..\Videos\The Skeletal and Muscular System.asx..\Videos\The Skeletal and Muscular System.asx