1. The Form of the Message The Form of the Message Chapter 2 Part 1

2. What is language? Language is a communicate system consisting of formal units that are integrated through processes of combination. Language is a communicate system consisting of formal units that are integrated through processes of combination. Structural linguistics- description of formal properties of language Structural linguistics- description of formal properties of language

3. Etics vs. Emics Ken Pike, 1950s Ken Pike, 1950s A core concept in anthropology A core concept in anthropology Etics Etics outside, cross-cultural /comparative outside, cross-cultural /comparative absolute, objective absolute, objective a step to analysis (positivistic) a step to analysis (positivistic) Emics Emics inside, culture-specific inside, culture-specific relative, subjective relative, subjective a goal of emic analysis. a goal of emic analysis.

4. The Sounds of Language Sounds Sounds Phonology- study of sound systems Phonology- study of sound systems Phonetics- describes articulation of soundsds are produced Phonetics- describes articulation of soundsds are produced Phonemics- ( min. unit)differentiate meaning Phonemics- ( min. unit)differentiate meaning Sounds: Sounds: Voiced or voiceless Voiced or voiceless Oral or nasal Oral or nasal Produced by vocal apparatus Produced by vocal apparatus Place of articulation- position Place of articulation- position bilabial and apicoalveolar bilabial and apicoalveolar Manner of articulation- airstream- Manner of articulation- airstream- stops & fricatives stops & fricatives See figure 2.2 See figure 2.2 Vowels Vowels

5. Phonetics Acoustic Acoustic physical properties of sound, sound waves, physical properties of sound, sound waves, Auditory Auditory perception of sounds, psychological “reality” perception of sounds, psychological “reality” Articulatory Articulatory pronunciation of sounds, articulation pronunciation of sounds, articulation also known as descriptive phonetics. also known as descriptive phonetics.

6. Producing Speech Sounds larynx & vocal cords larynx & vocal cords larynx & vocal cords larynx & vocal cords voicing voicing lungs velum (soft palate) mouth closed: [m, n] mouth open = [õ  ] oral & nasal cavities

7. Writing Speech Sounds Phonetic Charts & Symbols Spelling vs phonetic transcription Spelling vs phonetic transcription cat (English) cat (English) ciel (French) ciel (French) cizi (Czech) cizi (Czech) “ghoti” “ghoti” Phonetic charts Phonetic charts I.P.A. I.P.A.

8. Phonetic Charting Mapping the sounds of a language Mapping the sounds of a language Helps you to analyze and pronounce sounds... Helps you to analyze and pronounce sounds... Helps you to analyze sound systems... Helps you to analyze sound systems... and to see patterns and to see patterns Guides you in understanding accents…. Guides you in understanding accents….

9. Consonants: Place From front to back: From front to back: bilabial [p, b, m] labiodental [f, v] (inter)dental [ ,  ] alveolar [t, d, s, z, n, l,  ] alveopalatal (palatal-alveolar; postalveolar) [ , , ñ].

10. Consonants: Place (continued) Front to back velar [k, g, x, ,  ] uvular [  ] (French ‘r’) pharyngeal [  (Arabic ‘ain’)] glottal [ , h]. retroflex [ ,  ]

11. Consonants: Manner Stops (plosives) [t, d], [!,  ] Stops (plosives) [t, d], [!,  ] Aspirated: [t h, d h ] Fricatives [s, z] Fricatives [s, z] Affricates [t , d  ] Affricates [t , d  ] Taps & Trills Taps & Trills Taps / flaps [  ] Trills [ r ] Nasals [ n ] Nasals [ n ] Approximants [ l, , j, w ]. Approximants [ l, , j, w ].

12. Vowels: Place part of tongue raised part of tongue raised front, center, back front, center, back height of tongue height of tongue high, mid, low high, mid, low iu eo a

13. Vowels: Manner rounded rounded [u, o] - back (e.g. most English back vowels) [y, ø] - front (e.g., French, German, Danish) unrounded unrounded [ i, e] - front (e.g. all English front vowels) [ ,  ] - back (e.g., Turkish, Native Am. langs) tense/lax (close/open) tense/lax (close/open) [i] vs [ I ]. [i] vs [ I ].

14. Charting Vowels Charting Vowels

15. Phones and Phonemes phone phone smallest identifiable unit of sound in a language smallest identifiable unit of sound in a language more easily identified by outsiders more easily identified by outsiders phoneme phoneme smallest contrastive unit of sound in a language smallest contrastive unit of sound in a language heard as a single sound by insiders heard as a single sound by insiders Contrasts are not predictable. Contrasts are not predictable.

16. Phonology Sounds and their arrangements Sounds and their arrangements Phonetics & Phonemics Phonetics & Phonemics Phonetics: Phonetics: identify & describe sounds in detail (phones) identify & describe sounds in detail (phones) Phonemics Phonemics analyze arrangements of sounds analyze arrangements of sounds identify groupings of sounds (phonemes) identify groupings of sounds (phonemes) Examples: Examples: English “pill” vs “spill -- [p h ] + [p] = /p/ English “pill” vs “spill -- [p h ] + [p] = /p/ Hindi “p h  l” (fruit) vs “p  l” (minute) -- [p h ] + [p] = /p h / + /p/. Hindi “p h  l” (fruit) vs “p  l” (minute) -- [p h ] + [p] = /p h / + /p/.

17. are heard as ‘the same sound’ by native speakers are heard as ‘the same sound’ by native speakers are usually ‘complementary’ to one another are usually ‘complementary’ to one another we say they are in ‘complementary distribution’ we say they are in ‘complementary distribution’ because the variation is usually ‘conditioned’ by neighboring sounds, because the variation is usually ‘conditioned’ by neighboring sounds, we can also call this ‘conditioned variation.’ we can also call this ‘conditioned variation.’

18. Practice with Allophones: English /p/ [p  ] (aspirated) [p   t] [p  ] (aspirated) [p   t] [p] (unaspirated) [s p  t ] [p] (unaspirated) [s p  t ] [p  ] (unreleased) [s  p  ] [p  ] (unreleased) [s  p  ] /p//p//p//p/ [p  ] / #___ [p ] / s___ what about ‘t’ and ‘k’ in English?  [p  ] / ___#

19. Prosodic Features Sound systems also make use of prosodic or suprasegmental whicha ra features that alter and contrast the sounds or rhythms of speech. Sound systems also make use of prosodic or suprasegmental whicha ra features that alter and contrast the sounds or rhythms of speech. Three prosodic features affect meaning: Three prosodic features affect meaning: Stress- degree of emphasis placed on syllables Stress- degree of emphasis placed on syllables Pitch- or tone refers to the voice pitch accompanying a syllable’s production. Pitch- or tone refers to the voice pitch accompanying a syllable’s production. Many languages use pitch to distinguish meaning. Many languages use pitch to distinguish meaning. Length-refers to continuation of a sound during its production. Length-refers to continuation of a sound during its production. Short vs. long vowel contrasts. Short vs. long vowel contrasts.

20. Next: Morphology: The Structure of Word Morphology: The Structure of Word Morphological Typologies Morphological Typologies Grammatical Concepts Grammatical Concepts Syntax: The Structure of Sentences Syntax: The Structure of Sentences Semantics: The Analysis of Meaning Semantics: The Analysis of Meaning

21. Overview Morphology: The Structure of Word Morphology: The Structure of Word Morphological Typologies Morphological Typologies Grammatical Concepts Grammatical Concepts Syntax: The Structure of Sentences Syntax: The Structure of Sentences Semantics: The Analysis of Meaning Semantics: The Analysis of Meaning

22. Morphology Words vs morphemes Words vs morphemes Morphemes as smallest units of meaning in a language Morphemes as smallest units of meaning in a language respect+ful; dis+respect+ful respect+ful; dis+respect+ful room+mate; stir+fry room+mate; stir+fry fire+fight+er fire+fight+er Manhattan. Manhattan.

23. Morphological Analysis Identifying morphemes Identifying morphemes Describing morphemes Describing morphemes How Morphemes are arranged- roots or stems How Morphemes are arranged- roots or stems Order & placement of affixes Order & placement of affixes Prefixes Prefixes Suffixes Suffixes Infixes Infixes

24. Kinds of Bases Roots Roots Serve as underlying foundation Serve as underlying foundation Can’t be broken down any further Can’t be broken down any further English: fish English: fish Shinzwani: -lo- (fish) Shinzwani: -lo- (fish) Stems Stems Derived from roots Derived from roots By means of affixes (see ‘affix’ slide) By means of affixes (see ‘affix’ slide) English: fish+ing = fishing; talk+er = talker English: fish+ing = fishing; talk+er = talker Shinzwani: lo+a = -loa (fishing) Shinzwani: lo+a = -loa (fishing) Can have additional affixes attached Can have additional affixes attached English: talker+s = talkers English: talker+s = talkers Shinzwani: ni+ku+loa = nikuloa (I am fishing). Shinzwani: ni+ku+loa = nikuloa (I am fishing).

25. Kinds of Affixes Prefixes Prefixes im+possible im+possible un+likely un+likely Suffixes Suffixes walk+ing walk+ing Infixes Infixes fan+bloody+tastic

26. How Morphemes are Arranged Hierarchy- order affixes attach Hierarchy- order affixes attach Derivation & Inflection Derivation & Inflection Derivation- creating new words Derivation- creating new words Inflection- modifying existing words Inflection- modifying existing words Allomorphs- variant form of a morpheme Allomorphs- variant form of a morpheme 3 allomorphs for “NOT” 3 allomorphs for “NOT” Im- p Im- p Il- l Il- l In- d, t, s In- d, t, s

27. Syntax How words combine into phrases & sentences How words combine into phrases & sentences Note fuzzy boundary between morphology and syntax Note fuzzy boundary between morphology and syntax Subjects precede verbs and direct objects follow verbs (in English) Subjects precede verbs and direct objects follow verbs (in English) The dog chased the cat The dog chased the cat The cat chased the dog The cat chased the dog

28. Syntax Substitution frames- grammatical frames to place related words. Substitution frames- grammatical frames to place related words. Also called ‘slots and fillers’ Also called ‘slots and fillers’ The cat in the hat The cat in the hat The cat in the basket The cat in the basket The cat in the tree The cat in the tree Grammatical genders- categories to classify words in a language Grammatical genders- categories to classify words in a language Grammatical gender Grammatical gender Czech: masculine, feminine, neuter Czech: masculine, feminine, neuter Shinzwani: human, animal, body part, useful, abstract Shinzwani: human, animal, body part, useful, abstract

29. How Syntactic Units are Arranged Restrictions- which ones can be used in which part of the sentences Restrictions- which ones can be used in which part of the sentences Which words can go together? Which words can go together? The hat in the cat? The hat in the cat? The cat exploded on the rug? The cat exploded on the rug? Roasting a pot of coffee? Roasting a pot of coffee? Which orders are permitted? Which orders are permitted? the black cat vs le chat noir the black cat vs le chat noir (the) good person vs mtu mzuri (the) good person vs mtu mzuri Anymore I don’t eat pizza? Anymore I don’t eat pizza?

30. Kinds of Grammars Prescriptive Prescriptive Provides a model of ‘proper’ speech Provides a model of ‘proper’ speech Many schoolteachers, even today Many schoolteachers, even today Descriptive Descriptive Describes a language structure on its own terms Describes a language structure on its own terms Boas and anthropologists, 1900s Boas and anthropologists, 1900s Generative Generative Generates all possible sentences of a language Generates all possible sentences of a language Noam Chomsky, 1950s. Noam Chomsky, 1950s.

31. Advantages of Generative Grammar Trees show structure more clearly. Trees show structure more clearly.

32. Semantics: The Analysis of Meaning What is the function of language? What is the function of language? Relation to meaning- must ber encoded through language in segmented linear form. Relation to meaning- must ber encoded through language in segmented linear form. Semantic analysis: words have referential senses (see hand-out) as well as cultural meanings, situational relevance (formal vs. informal) and affective meaning (attitudes of speakers) Semantic analysis: words have referential senses (see hand-out) as well as cultural meanings, situational relevance (formal vs. informal) and affective meaning (attitudes of speakers) Chomsky’s famous- “Colorless green ideas sleep furously”- semantic inconsistencies Chomsky’s famous- “Colorless green ideas sleep furously”- semantic inconsistencies