1. South Africa

2. Geography South Africa is at the tip of the African Continent It is nearly twice the size of Texas It’s so close to the South Pole that penguins spend the winter there 1

3. Climate SA’s climate includes: The Namib Desert Tropical areas lush farmland A Mediterranean coast The Karoo The Drakensberg Mountains Temperatures are mild 1

4. South Africa has two major cities – Cape Town in the West and Johannesburg/Pretoria in the East. Pretoria is the Capital of South Africa Cape Town is a major tourist city and Jo’Burg is the major industrial center Many smaller towns are located along the coast SA surrounds two countries: Lesotho and Swaziland 1

5. South Africa Facts SA‘s population is 47 million people SA currency is called the Rand It has 9 provinces SA’s president is Thabo Mbeki SA is a democracy with a bicameral parliament SA has 11 official languages SA is a major producer of fruits, corn, cattle, gold, and the world’s biggest diamond exporter 2

6. Indigenous Peoples South Africa is home to 9 major ethnic groups of indigenous peoples 1.The Xhosa 2.The Zulu 3.The Khoi-San 4.The Sotho 5.The Pedi 6.The Ndebele 7.The Swazi 8.The Venda 9.The Tsonga 3

7. An Ndebele Woman A Xhosa boy at initiation 3

8. South African History 4

9. Early Times Bantu Migration Hunter-gatherers, pastoralists, & farmers Shaka Zulu 4

10. Once upon a time … South Africa wasn’t a country… or a colony… but simply the southern part of Africa. BUT- then Europeans came to southern Africa on their way to the East Indies (Indonesia) and India. Why were they going to the Indies??…to trade goods and spices! This was the fastest way since there was NO Suez Canal yet! 4

12. Discovery & Importance Bartholomew Dias Mercantilism (export more than you import) The Dutch East India Company 4 Dutch traders on their way to the East Indies needed a place to stop for supplies. The BEST place was the southern tip of Africa. In 1652, the Dutch East India Company was settled in the area. –In the Cape Colony However, The people living there were called Boers (meaning “farmer” in Dutch)

13. The Cape under Dutch Rule 1652 a way station was established at the Cape of Good Hope for the VOC by Jan van Riebeeck The Khoi Khoi Sailors, Settlers, and Slaves 5

14. The English & &the Afrikaners The British seized Cape Town in 1797 & in 1805, it became the Cape Colony The Dutch settlers had come to see themselves as Afrikaners, not Dutch, and now spoke a dialect of Dutch called Afrikaans The Afrikaners resented and disliked the British Afrikaners generally fell into two groups: Wealthy merchants and farmers and poor farmers (subsistence) called the Boers 5 There is a little more to the story …

15. The British Take Over! In 1785, English soldiers seized the Cape Colony to protect the British shipping route to India. After the 1820s, more and more British came to find gold and diamonds. Boers called them the “uitlanders” which meant “outlanders” 5

16. The Great Trek Many Boers became dissatisfied with British rule in the 1830s and decided to move north. They founded two republics between the Limpopo and Orange Rivers- –The Transvaal –Free State of Orange Some also moved eastward into the Natal region- but the Zulu people were already there. 5

18. Boer War Prime Minister Cecil Rhodes (British) wanted to take control of the Boer states. –Really wanted the land- AND RESOURCES. In 1895, he provoked the “utilanders” to attack the Dutch Boer states His plan failed in a major way- the Brits weren’t able to accomplish anything- and he was forced to resign. But, things were just getting started … 5

19. In 1899, Britain started a war with the Boers. The Boer War is remembered as the bloodiest battle in African history. Some European nations, including the Netherlands, supported the Boers- so they war lasted until 1902. When the British finally won, the region became known as the Union of South Africa. Boer War 5

20. 1934- South Africa joined the British Commonwealth European descendants controlled most of the country –Owned all nation’s land, industries –British descendants controlled the economy. –Dutch/Boer descendants (also called Afrikaners) held all political power

21. The Great Treks In the 1830’s the Boers began to leave the Western Cape in search of land and to escape the British As the Boers pushed further east, they endured the Karoo and came into conflict with the Zulu and the Xhosa Trekboer life

22. Wars British Expansion Boer/African wars The Trekboer Republics & the Boer Wars Concentration Camps British African Wars Rorke’s Drift Consolidation

23. Kimberley & The Witwatersrand Diamonds 1867 Gold 1886 Immigration Slavery & Labor 6

24. Colonial Africa In the late 1800’s European Countries began to colonize Africa The Scramble The Plan The Reality 6

25. Cecil Rhodes Born in England 1853, he moved to SA as a teen because he was sickly To Kimberley in 1871 De Beers – in his life, he controlled 90% of the world’s diamonds Politics Rhodesia 6

26. The Beginnings of Apartheid White Settlers Land: Bantustans Labor: Pass Laws Urbanization Native Education Missionaries 7

27. What is Apartheid? Means “apart-ness” in Afrikaans Definition- a policy of Segregation and political/economic discrimination against non- Europeans in South Africa Apartheid’s roots go as far back as 1652 It was designed in 1917 by Jan Smuts, the Africaner Prime Minister of South Africa It was legalized in 1948 8

28. Complexities of Apartheid Apartheid was more than just race Gender Strict Hierarchy Only White men could vote & own Property Systematic Disadvantage Afrikaner Men English Men Afrikaner Women English Women Other Europeans/ honorary Whites Asians Coloreds (people of mixed racial heritage) Africans 8

29. Social Grouping In 1948 (right after the end of WWII), the South African government grouped people into 3 groups: –Black Native Africans –White European descendants –Colored Mixed race people and Asians

30. Human Rights Violation South Africa used these 3 categories to give out benefits. It officially denied most blacks of decent housing, education, and health facilities. This policy is called apartheid. How does apartheid compare to segregation in America? Why is this considered a human rights violation?

31. So, what happened? Armed movements fought apartheid for the next 45 years. International community opposed apartheid too. South Africa became isolated from the rest of the world, but apartheid continued on. Isolation made life very hard for the people of South Africa.

32. Life for Africans during Apartheid Extreme poverty and unemployment Urbanization & Townships Gangs and Violence 8

38. The Struggle Against Apartheid Riots The Sharpeville Massacre (1960) The Rise of the ANC 9

39. Soweto Uprising

40. The ANC & UDF The African National Congress Nelson Mandela The Spear of the Nation For the rights of Africans The ANC goes underground Imprisoned 1961 The United Democratic Front Non-Racial UDF Unites, Apartheid Divides 1983 9

41. Fighters Nelson Mandela was a major fighter against apartheid. He led the African National Congress (ANC) He was eventually sentenced to life in prison for his anti-apartheid activities. For 27 years, Nelson Mandela waited in prison while his fellow South Africans fought for his freedom. He was finally released on February 11, 1990.

47. The End of Apartheid Apartheid ended in 1994 Why did it end? International Pressure The End of the Cold War 10

48. Mandela’s release in 1990 from prison marked the “beginning of the end” of apartheid. But the first election that allowed both blacks and whites wasn’t until 1994.

49. Mandela was elected President of South Africa in 1994. This signified the first multi-racial government.

51. After Apartheid First Democratic Elections Mandela President The Truth & Reconciliation Commission Desmond Tutu 11

52. Truth and Reconciliation Committee Appointed by Mandela 1995 Headed by Bishop Desmond Tutu Bring abuses of apartheid to light

53. New Government, New Constitution 1996- people approve new constitution Becomes law in a 3 year period 2 nd elections in 1999- ANC won again by a landslide

54. South Africa Today Tourism & Wildlife District Six Museum New Challenges Economic disparity/Poverty HIV 12

55. And the remnants today … 60% unemployment rate Now have a quota system What is this program similar to in America? BONUS POINTS for you! Affirmative Action! Segregation and apartheid are engrained into the culture. Violence sometimes a problem when people become frustrated with the slow-to-change government. AIDS just adds to their despair –Highest caseload in the world. 12