2. The Digestive System By: Angel, Brendan, Tyler, Gabby

3. How is the Digestive System connected to everything? Body needs energy. Digestive system produces energy. Digestive system needs blood. Heart pumps blood. Heart needs energy to pump blood. Digestive system needs blood to make energy.

4. How does the structure of the Digestive system relate to its function? Path of food: 1.Mouth 2.Esophagus 3.Stomach 4.Small Intestine 5.Large Intestine Small Intestine Parts 1.Duodenum 2.Jejunum 3.Ileum Large Intestine Parts 1.Cecum 2.Colon 3.Rectum

6. Structure of Organs That Help Mouth- Bootleg pool Esophagus- Vertical tube Stomach- big bag Small Intestine- Villi increase surface area Large Intestine- Removes liquid

7. How does the Digestive System help maintain Homeostasis?  pH Balance  Helpful Bacteria  Gets Nutrients/Minerals  Removes Waste that may or may not become toxic to the body

8. The Process to Process Food  Begins in the mouth.  Pushed through the esophagus.  Sits in Stomach.  Breaks down more in small intestine.  Ends in the large intestine.

9. Peptic Ulcers

10. Peptic Ulcer  Peptic ulcers are a break in the inner lining of the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum.  Stomach- Gastric Ulcer  Duodenum- duodenal ulcer  Esophagus- esophageal ulcer

11. Occurance  lining of the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum  corroded by the acidic digestive juices  Juices are secreted by the cells of the stomach  Differs from an erosion  extends deeper into the lining of the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum and excites more of an inflammatory reaction from the tissues

12. Causes  Excess acid was believed to be the major cause of ulcer disease  Neutralizing and inhibiting the secretion of stomach acid  Infection of the stomach by a bacterum called Helicobacter pyloricus  Chronic use of anti inflammatory medications, including aspirin  Cigarette smoking

13. H. pylori  Very common affecting more than a billion people worldwide  Half of population over 60 infected  10-15% of infections lead to ulcer disease

15. Symptoms  Minimal digestion  Abdominal discomfort after meals or no discomfort  Upper abdominal burning  Hunger pain

16. Why Symptoms  Relieved by food or antacids that neutralize stomach acids  Persistent pain  No pain  Come and go

17. Diagnosis  A barium upper gastrointestinal Xray  Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy  Barium chalky substance

18. Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy  More accurate than X-rays  Involves sedation of patient  Insertion of flexible tube  Removing small tissue samples  Biopsies

19. Treatment  Reduce risk factors  Antacids  H2 blockers  Proton-pump inhibitors  Sucralfate and Misoprostol  Diet  H. Pylori treatment

20. Complications  Some heal without medications  Bleeding, perforation & obstruction of the stomach  Black tarry stools  Weakness  Orthostatic syncope  Vomiting blood

21. Chrons’ Disease Inflammatory Bowel Disease

22. Causes  Unknown  Autoimmune disorder  Ongoing inflammation of GI tract  May involve small and large intestine,rectum, or mouth  Causes intestinal wall to become thick

23. Risk factors  Your genes  Environmental factors  Body over reacts to normal bacteria in intestines  15-35

24. Symptoms  Crampy  Fever  Fatigue  Loss of appetite  Pain with passing stool  Weight loss  Diarrhea Constipation Eye inflammation Joint Pain and swelling Mouth ulcers Rectal Bleeding Skin lumps or sores Swollen gums

25. Signs and Tests  Physical Examination  Barium enema or Upper GI series  Colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy  Endoscopy  MRI of abdomen  CT scan of abdomen  Enteroscopy

26. Altering results  Albumin  C-reactive protein  Erythrocyte sedimentation rate  Fecal fat  Hemoglobin  Liver function tests  White blood cell count

27. Treatment  Diet and Nutrition  Drinking lots of water  Eating small amounts of food throughout the day  Avoiding high fiber foods  Avoiding fatty foods  Limiting dairy products

28. Medications  Fiber Supplements  Acetaminophen  Aminosalicylates  Corticosteroids  Azathioprine  Antibiotics  Biologic therapy

29. Surgery  Bleeding  Failure to grow  Fistulas  Infections  Narrowing of the intestine

30. Gallstones Gallstones are hard, pebble-like deposits that form inside the gallbladder. Gallstones may be as small as a grain of sand or as large as a golf ball.

31. Causes  Varies  2 Main types  Stones made of cholesterol  Stones made of bilirubin  More common in women, people over the age of 40, and may run in the family

32. Possibilities of Developing Gallstones  Bone marrow or solid organ transplant  Diabetes  Failure of the gallbladder to empty bile properly  Liver Cirrhosis  Hemolytic anemia & sickle cell anemia  Rapid weight loss  Receiving nutrition through a vain

33. Symptoms  Pain in the right upper or middle upper abdomen  Fever  Yellowing of skin and whites of the eyes  Clay-colored stools  Nausea and vomiting

34. Treatment: Surgery  Laparoscopic cholecystectomy  Cholecystectomy

35. Medication  Chendeoxycholic acids  Ursodeooxycholic acid  Rapidly dissolves cholesterol stones

36. Lithotripsy  Electrohydraulic shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) of the gallbladder has also been used for certain patients who cannot have surgery. Because gallstones often come back in many patients, this treatment is not used very often anymore.

37. Celiac’s Disease Celiac disease is a condition that damages the lining of the small intestine and prevents it from absorbing parts of food that are important for staying healthy. The damage is due to a reaction to eating gluten, which is found in wheat, barley, rye, and possibly oats.

38. Causes  Unknown  Lining of the intestines contains areas called villi  Gluten  Infancy to childhood  Women affected more than men

39. More Likely to Have  Autoimmune disorders  Addison’s disease  Down syndrome  Intestinal Cancer  Intestinal Lymphoma  Lactose Intolerance  Thyroid disease  Type 1 diabetes

40. GI Symptoms  Abdominal pain, bloating, gas, or indigestions  Constipation  Decreased appetite  Diarrhea  Lactose intolerance  Nausea and vomiting  Unexplained weight loss

41. Possible Syptoms  Bruising easily  Depression or anxiety  Fatigue  Growth delay in children  Hair loss  Itchy Skin  Missed menstraul periods

42. Possible Symptoms (cont)  Mouth Ulcers  Muscle Cramps and Joint Pain  Nosebleeds  Seizures  Tingling or numbness in hands and feet  Unexplained short height

43. Childrens Effect  Defects in the tooth enamel and changes in tooth color  Delayed puberty  Diarrhea & constipation  Nausea  Irritable and fussy behavior  Poor weight gain  Slowed growth and shorter than normal height for age

44. Signs and Tests  Albumin (may be low)  Alkaline phosphatase  Clotting Factor Abnormalities  Cholesterol (may be low)  Complete blood count  Liver enzymes  Prothrombin time

45. Treatment  Cant be cured  Symptoms will go away  Stay caucious  Gluten-free diet  Registered dietitian

46. Prognosis  6 months in children  2-3 years in adults  Long term damage to lining of intestines  May not improve : height or teeth

47. Complications  Autoimmune disorders  Bone disease  Certain types of intestinal cancer  Low blood count  Low blood sugar  Infertility or repeated miscarriage  Liver disease

48.  Digestive System Digestive System  stomach transplant stomach transplant