1. Exploration and expansion
Chapter 16

2. Scientific revolution
From Magic to Science
Natural Philosophers: religious teachings + classical thought to explain the unexplainable
Roger Bacon: 1200s scientist & philosopher
Favored a system of experimentation as a means of finding truth (not faith)
Scientific Revolution: experiments & mathematics used to explain nature
Answered questions in physics, astronomy & anatomy

3. New Study of nature Scientists of 1500s question ancients
Form conclusions based on their own observations
3 new tools to study
Scientific instruments: barometer, microscope, telescope, air pump & thermometer
Mathematics
Experimentation – repeated for consistency
Scientific Method

4. Astronomy Nicolaus Copernicus (Polish scientist)
Ptolemy – geocentric theory – Earth is the center of
the universe
Copernicus’s heliocentric theory
Sun centered universe
Published in 1543 – no initial reaction dismissed
Johannes Kepler (German Astronomer)
Proved Copernicus’s theory
Used models, observation & math
Laws of planetary motion 1609

5. Galileo galilei Galileo Created own version of telescope
Saw mountains & valleys on moon, rings of Saturn, moons of Jupiter and spots on the sun
Published findings in 1632 – upheaval
Church declared telescope an invention of the devil

6. Issac newton
Newton (English Scientist)
Law of Universal Gravitation
Force that holds planets in orbit = same force that causes objects to fall to earth
Explained laws of motion (3) & how to measure it
Changed the game!
Creation viewed as a giant mechanical clock
“Nature and nature’s laws lay hid in night; God said, “Let Newton be!” and all was light.”
Alexander Pope

7. Vesalius & harvey Andreas Vesalius (Flemish Scientist)
Pioneered the study of anatomy
7 Volume’s – amazing detail, visual understanding of how body works
William Harvey (English physician)
Studied circulation of blood
Described how blood moves through body
Functions of the heart
“I advise you not to trouble with words unless you are speaking to blind men.”
Da Vinci

8. Descartes Rene Descartes (French philosopher & mathematician)
No assumption could be accepted w/o question
Published: Discourse on Method (1637) – assumptions must be proven on basis of known facts
“I think therefore I am”
Challenged the Church – lived in Protestant Sweden

9. MMM Bacon….. Francis Bacon (English philosopher & scientist)
Scientific theories can be developed only through observation
Can’t trust an observation unless you can repeat it

10. Mercantilism
Mercantilism – Country’s wealth = how much gold and silver it has saved
World had a fixed amount of wealth
Increase – take it from another country
Balance of Trade
Favorable BoT: export more than you import
3 Ways to achieve a Favorable BoT:
1.) Tariffs – reduce the amount of imports by taxing goods
2.) Subsidies – gov’t grants to start new industries & build ships
3.) Gain control of overseas resources (colonization)

11. Christopher columbus October 12, 1492 Lands at San Salvador (Bahamas)
West Indies – believed he landed off the coast of Asia
Columbian Exchange – Trade B/W Americas’s and Europe
Opened up regular trade b/w Eastern & Western Hemisphere
Gold & Silver mined in South America was shipped to Spain
American foods (potatoes, tomatoes, beans & corn) introduced to Europe
Spanish brought horses to America
Exchanged diseases (smallpox) – killing millions

13. Triangle trade Triangular Trade
1st merchants shipped cotton goods, weapons & liquor to Africa in exchange for slaves or gold
2nd exchange or Middle Passage – Route of slaves from Africa to Americas sold to Plantation owners
3rd exchange sent plantation’s products to Europe
Middle Passage
Brutal and degrading
Slaves were chained together in the hull of the ship
No sanitation, little food or water – many died in travel
Mid 1700’s – Early 1800’s estimated 10 million survived the trip