1. Chapter 16: Exploration and Expansion
Section 1:
The Scientific
Revolution

2. From Magic to Science
Before the Renaissance scholars and {natural philosophers relied on religious teachings and classical Greek and Roman literature to explain the mysteries of the world}
During the Renaissance philosophers and scientists such as Roger Bacon began to favor a system based on scientific experiment
During the Scientific Revolution people began using mathematics and experiments and were free to question ideas and beliefs
The new approach produced answers to questions in physics, astronomy and anatomy forming the basis of today’s sciences

3. The New Study of Nature
Scientists began forming conclusions on theories based on their own senses, scientific instruments, math and experiments
The newly invented scientific instruments included microscopes, barometers, telescopes, air pumps and thermometers.
They developed the {scientific method in which scientists believed no assumption could be trusted without repeat experimentation}

4. One of the first air pumps
Galileo’s telescopes
One of the first air pumps
Early microscopes

5. Thinkers at that time were particularity interested in:
Astronomy: the study of the stars, planets and other bodies in the sky
Physics: the study of changes and properties of matter and energy
Anatomy: the study of the human body

6. Copernicus
Early astronomer {Ptolemy stated the universe was geocentric (earth-centered) or that the sun and planets revolved around the earth}
Polish scientist Nicolaus Copernicus argued that the universe was {heliocentric or centered around the sun}
When he published his theory in 1543, people said the theory was illogical to their senses.
Everyone could “see” the heavens revolved around the Earth and could “feel” that the Earth did not move

7. Copernicus and his Heliocentric Model

8. Kepler and Galileo
Later Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei brought Copernicus’ theories to light
Kepler, a mathematician, used models, observation and math to prove heliocentric theory to be true. He published his laws of planetary motion in Many still did not believe
Galileo built his own telescope and began studying the heavens. He saw the craters on the moon, the rings of Saturn and he sketched all that he observed and published his findings in 1632.
Church scholars disapproved and said the telescope was an instrument of the devil.

9. Johannes Kepler
Galileo Galilei

10. Newton
In 1687, Isaac Newton published a book that expanded on the teachings of Copernicus, Kepler and Galileo.
Newton realized that the force that holds the planets in their orbits was the same force that caused objects to fall to Earth
He proposed the universal law of gravitation and moreover the force can be measured
He also explained the laws of motion and developed a mathematical way to measure motion as well
In one swoop {Newton’s work explained the laws of motion and gravitation}

11. Sir Isaac Newton

12. Vesalius and Harvey
A Flemish Scientist, Andreas Vesalius, published a seven volume book called On the Fabric of the Human Body in which he wrote and illustrated the components of the body and how they worked together.
English physician, William Harvey, described the circulation of the blood, how the blood moved through the veins and arteries and how the heart functions

13. Andreas Vesalius and illustrations from his book On the Fabric of the Human Body

14. The Triumph of the New Science
Rene Descartes created a mathematical description of the way light reflects off of a smooth surface in the law of refraction
Gottfried Liebnitz developed calculus
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (LAY-ven-hook) discovered bacteria and other life forms never seem by the human eye
Robert Boyle pioneered chemistry by showing that temperature and pressure affect the space that a gas occupies
{Antoine Lavoisier proved that matter can change form and cannot be created nor destroyed} by experimenting with fire, oxygen, steam and air

15. Section review
natural philosophers relied on religious teachings and classical Greek and Roman literature to explain what?
scientific method in which scientists believed no assumption could be trusted without repeat experimentation
Ptolemy stated the universe was geocentric _____ ________
heliocentric is where the universe is centered around the ___
Newton’s work explained what laws?

16. Rene Descartes law of Refraction