1. Scientific Revolution

2. Expermentation Relied on Greek and Roman explanations
Renaissance thinkers started to question these theories
Developed Scientific Method:

3. Sciences/Mathematics & Instruments
Calculus, astronomy, physics, & anatomy = major discoveries
Instruments
- Barometer – measure air pressure
- Microscope – investigate small objects
- Telescope – see distant objects
- Thermometer – temperature

4. Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 – 1543)
Astronomer
Heliocentric (sun – centered) model of the solar system
Went against Aristotle’s & Ptolemy’s geocentric (earth – centered) theory
Few believed his theory

5. Johannes Kepler (1571 – 1630) Developed laws of planetary motion
- Elliptical orbits

6. Galileo Galilei (1564 – 1642) Italian astronomer Telescope
1610 published findings
Church calls findings heresy
- forced to recant his findings
Gravity and speed of fallen objects
- all objects fall at same speed w/o air
friction

7. Isaac Newton (1643 – 1728) Laws of universal gravitation
- Universe viewed as a large machine,
operating according to certain rules

8. Anatomy Andreas Vesalius, 1543
- Published several volumes filled with descriptions and illustrations of body systems
William Harvey, 1628
- Circulatory system and importance of the heart

9. Biology - Chemistry Antoni Leeuwenhook
- discovered bacteria using a microscope
Study of Chemistry
- composition of matter & how it changes
- elements being identified

10. Rene Descartes (1596 – 1650) All assumptions should be questioned
“I think therefore I am”
Discourse of Method, 1637
- Only certain things are true w/o facts
to prove them
Use of reason --- rationalism

11. Francis Bacon (1561 – 1626)
Lots of Experimentation
Inductive thinking
- Specific observation to general assumptions
- Ex: Ice is cold, All ice is cold

12. Spread of Knowledge

13. Use the timeline “Major Steps in the Scientific Revolution” on page 626-627 to answer the following.
_____1. Who wrote “The Nature of the Sun and Earth”? A. Bacon B. Copernicus C. Coste Blanche _____2. Who invented the microscope? A. Janssen B. Harvey C. Galileo _____3. Who made their invention LAST? A. Torricelli B. Janssen C. Fahrenheit _____4. How many years passed between the invention of the microscope and it’s use to find bacteria? A.150 B.160 C.174 _____5. What country did not establish a group dedicated to science study? A. France B. England C. America _____6. Why did Galileo face an inquisition? A. He supported Copernicus’s theory B. He supported Bacon’s theory C. None _____7. Who developed the Heliocentric theory? A. Copernicus B. Vesalius C. Bacon _____8. Who invented the mercury thermometer? A. Fahrenheit B. Boyle C. Newton _____9. What year did Newton publish his law of gravity? A B C _____10. Who discovered how the human heart works? A. Descartes B. Torricelli C. Harvey _____11. Who published their theory FIRST? A. Harvey B. Copernicus C. Janssen _____12. Who did not publish a science related article? A. Galileo B. Descartes C. Torricelli _____13. Who did not invent a new technology? A. Janssen B. Kepler C. Torricelli _____14. Newton published the law of gravity? A. True B. False _____15. Galileo was an author and an inventor? A. True B. False

14. Read the following passage and answer the related questions.
With sincere heart and unpretended faith I abjure, curse, and detest the aforesaid errors and heresies [of Copernicus] and also every other error….contrary to the Holy Church, and I swear that in the future I will never again say or assert….anything that might cause a similar suspicion toward me.
Galileo Galilei as quoted in “The Discoverers”
_____1. What suspicion is it he wants to prevent?
A. That he agrees with the church B. That he disagrees with the church C. That he is a god
_____2. Why is he apologizing?
A. Because he has said something contrary to the church B. Because he left the church C. He is dying
_____3. What does “contrary” mean?
A. Goes along with B. Agrees with C. Does not go along with
_____4. What does he promise NOT to do?
A. Say or do anything that goes against the church B. Believe in the church C. Join or forgive the church
_____5. What scientist did Galileo support that got him into trouble?
A. Copernicus B. Galilei C. Holy Church
_____6. What word was NOT used to describe Galileo’s feeling?
A. Detest B. Error C. Sad
_____7. What would this be considered?
An apology B. A poem C. A song
True or False
____________________8. Galileo is apologizing for his beliefs in this statement.
____________________9. Galileo promises to continue his research – even if it is contrary to the church.
____________________10. The Church liked with Galileo’s work.