1. Scientific Revolution
Chapter 22 Section 1

2. Ancient & Medieval Science
Aristotle’s Geocentric Theory – earth was center of the universe
Sun, moon, planets moved around earth in circular paths
Greek astronomer Ptolemy supported the geocentric theory
Medieval Christianity taught that God had placed earth in center of the universe

3. Scientific Revolution = new way of thinking about natural world
Careful observation, questioning accepted beliefs

4. Causes of the Scientific Revolution
Middle Ages  establishment of universities
Renaissance  encouraged scientific progress
Reformation  led people to question, printing press
Exploration  need for navigational technologies

5. Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)
Polish cleric & astronomer
Heliocentric Theory: sun was center of universe
Feared persecution, so did not publish findings until his death
Wrote On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies

6. Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) Danish astronomer
Built sophisticated observatory
Collected numerous data to support heliocentric theory
Star catalogue

7. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) Brahe’s assistant
Mathematical laws governed planetary motion
Elliptical orbits around sun, not circles

8. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) Italian scientist Built own telescope
Discovered Jupiter’s four moons, Saturn’s rings, sun spots, rough surface of moon
Published Starry Messenger
Summoned to stand trial before the Inquisition

9. Scientific Method: logical procedure for gathering & testing ideas
Question, hypothesis, experiment, observe, record data, conclude
Francis Bacon
- English statesman & writer
- Empiricism (experimental method)  experiment & then draw conclusions
- Generate practical knowledge to improve people’s lives

10. Scientific Method René Descartes - Developed analytical geometry
- Doubt until proven by reason
- Mind and matter  “I think, therefore I am”
- Observation, experimentation, general mathematical laws led to understanding of world

11. Isaac Newton ( )
Law of universal gravitation  every body in universe attracts every other body
Mathematical relationships  degree of attraction depends on mass & distance
Published The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy in 1687
Universe was giant clock; God was clockmaker

12. Scientific Instruments
Zacharias Janssen  first microscope
Anton van Leeuwenhoek  used microscope to discover bacteria & red blood cells
Gabriel Fahrenheit & Anders Celsius  thermometers for temperature
Leeuwenhoek & his microscope

13. Advances in Medicine
Andreas Vesalius  studied anatomy & muscle contraction
William Harvey  described circulatory system & heart
Edward Jenner  introduced smallpox vaccine

14. Discoveries in Chemistry
Robert Boyle  founder of modern Chemistry
- The Sceptical Chemist (1661)
- challenged Aristotle’s ideas of four elements
- Boyle’s law  explains how volume, temperature, and pressure of gas affect each other

15. Results of the Scientific Revolution
Rise of new social group  international scientific community
Introduced new knowledge about nature & revolutionary way of obtaining such knowledge
Scientific point of view begins to dominate European thought, people of 1700’s spoke of their changing times as an “Age of Enlightenment.”