1. Chapter 2
A Living Planet

2. Section 1: A Living Planet
Continent-landmasses above mantle on earth

3. Section 1: A Living Planet
The Solar System- the sun and the 8-9 known planets
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Pluto?

4. “DON’T WRITE”
days in one year.
This is called one revolution
The path that Earth follows as it revolves around the sun is called its orbit.
As Earth revolves around the sun, the angle at which the sun's rays strike the surface changes throughout the year. This helps create seasons.

5. Section 1: A Living Planet
Core- center of the earth
Mantle- surrounds the core, soft layer of molten rock under the earth’s surface (contains most of the earth’s mass)
Magma forms in this area
Crust- thin layer of rock at the earths surface (19-37 miles thick)

6. Section 1: A Living Planet
Biosphere- part of the earth where plants & animals live. Also contains the
Atmosphere- layer of gases around the earth
Protects earth from radiation
Lithosphere- solid rock portion of earth’s surface
Hydrosphere- water portion of the earth

7. Continental Drift- theory that the earth was once a super-continent (Pangaea) that divided & slowly drifted apart over millions of years.

8. Section 2: Bodies of Water & Landforms
Oceans cover 71% of the earth.
1 ocean divided into 4 main areas
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Areas?

9. Section 2: Bodies of Water & Landforms
Hydrologic Cycle- continuous circulation of water between the atmosphere, the oceans, & the earth.
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Water evaporates, then it exists as vapor, & then falls back to the earth as precipitation.
Types?

10. Section 2: Bodies of Water & Landforms
Drainage Basin- areas of land where water flows from small streams into a major river on its way to the ocean.

11. Section 2: Bodies of Water & Landforms
Groundwater- water held in the pores of rock.
Water Table- level at which the rock is saturated (top of the groundwater)

12. Section 2: Bodies of Water & Landforms
Landforms- naturally formed features on the surface of the earth.

13. Section 2: Bodies of Water & Landforms
Continental Shelf- earth’s surface from the edge of a continent to the deep part of the ocean.
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Mountains?
Valleys?

14. Section 2: Bodies of Water & Landforms
Relief- difference in elevation of a landform from its lowest to highest points.

15. Section 2: Bodies of Water & Landforms
Topography- shows the differences in elevation for landforms in a region, on a map.

16. Section 3: Internal Forces Shaping the Earth
Tectonic plates- enormous moving pieces of the earth’s lithosphere.

17. Section 3: Internal Forces Shaping the Earth
Plate Movement-
Divergent boundary- plates move apart horizontally

18. Section 3: Internal Forces Shaping the Earth
Convergent boundary- plates collide (one dives under the other or the edges crumple)
Major cause of volcanoes
Transform boundary- slide past each other

19. Section 3: Internal Forces Shaping the Earth
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Seafloor Spreading
ocean bottom is not flat
younger rocks
molten rock rises and breaks through the top of ridge and forms new rock.

20. Section 3: Internal Forces Shaping the Earth
Faults- fracture in the earth’s crust

21. Section 3: Internal Forces Shaping the Earth
Earthquake- shaking of the earth as plates grind past each other, sudden release of energy in the form of motion.
Seismograph- detects the waves of the motion created by an earthquake.

22. Section 3: Internal Forces Shaping the Earth
Focus- where the earthquake actually happens
Epicenter- point directly above the focus on the earth’s surface

23. Section 3: Internal Forces Shaping the Earth
Richter Scale- scale used to measure the amount of energy released in an earthquake.
9.6?

24. Section 3: Internal Forces Shaping the Earth
Tsunami- giant wave in the ocean

26. Section 3: Internal Forces Shaping the Earth
Volcano- crack in the earth’s surface where magma, gases, & water pour out
Lava- magma that has reached the earth’s surface

27. Section 3: Internal Forces Shaping the Earth
Ring of Fire- earthquake & volcano zone around the rim of the Pacific Ocean
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Location of the majority of the world’s earthquakes & volcanoes.

28. Section 3: Internal Forces Shaping the Earth

29. Section 4: External Forces Shaping the Earth
Weathering- physical & chemical processes that change the characteristics of rock on or near the earth’s surface.
Occurs slowly
Creates Sediment- small pieces of rock (mud, sand, & silt)

30. Section 4: External Forces Shaping the Earth
Mechanical Weathering- processes that change rock into smaller pieces
Does not change composition of rock only size.
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Ice?
Roots?
Blasting?

31. Section 4: External Forces Shaping the Earth
Chemical Weathering- occurs when rock is changed into a new substance as a result of interaction of elements.
Acid Rain
Rust

32. Section 4: External Forces Shaping the Earth
Erosion- occurs when weathered material is moved by the action of wind, water, ice, or gravity.

33. Section 4: External Forces Shaping the Earth
Delta- is when a river enters the ocean & it deposits its sediment in a fan-like landform

34. Section 4: External Forces Shaping the Earth
Loess- wind-blown silt & clay sediment that produce very fertile soil.

35. Section 4: External Forces Shaping the Earth
Glacier- large, long-lasting mass of ice that moves because of gravity.

36. Section 4: External Forces Shaping the Earth
Glaciation- is the changing of landforms by slowly moving glaciers.
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U shaped valley?

37. Section 4: External Forces Shaping the Earth
Moraine- rocks left behind by a glacier.