1. Reconstruction and Its Effects Chapter 12

2. Reconstruction

4. President Lincoln’s Plan  * Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (December 8, 1863) * Replace majority rule with “loyal rule” in the South * Did NOT consult Congress regarding Reconstruction * Pardon to all but the highest ranking military and civilian Confederate officers * When election had taken an oath of loyalty and established a government, it would be recognized

5. President Lincoln’s Plan  1864  “Lincoln Governments” formed in LA, TN, AR * “loyal assemblies” * They were weak and dependent on the Northern army for survival

6. Wade-Davis Bill (1864)  Required 50% of the number of 1860 voters to take an “iron clad” oath of allegiance (swearing they had never voluntarily aided the rebellion )  Required a state constitutional convention before the election of state officials  Enacted specific safeguards of freedmen’s liberties Senator Benjamin Wade (R-OH) Congressman Henry W. Davis (R-MD)

7. Wade-Davis Bill (1864)  “Iron-Clad” Oath  “State Suicide” Theory [MA Senator Charles Sumner]  “Conquered Provinces” Position [PA Congressman Thaddeus Stevens] President Lincoln Wade-Davis Bill

9. 13 th Amendment  Ratified in December, 1865  Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction.  Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

10. Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)  Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands  Many former northern abolitionists risked their lives to help southern freedmen  Called “ ” by white southern Democrats

11. Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes False Idea: “Plenty to eat and nothing to do”

12. Freedmen’s Bureau School

13. Establishment of Historically Black Colleges in the South

15. President Andrew Johnson     Damn the negroes! I am fighting these traitorous aristocrats, their masters!

16. President Johnson’s Plan (10%+)  Offered amnesty upon simple oath to all except Confederate civil and military officers and those with property over $20,000 (they could apply directly to Johnson)  In new constitutions, they must accept minimum conditions repudiating slavery, secession and state debts  Named provisional governors in Confederate states and called them to oversee elections for constitutional conventions EFFECTS? 1. Disenfranchised certain leading Confederates 2. Pardoned planter aristocrats brought them back to political power to control state organizations 3. Republicans were outraged that planter elite were back in power in the South!

17. Growing Northern Alarm!  Many Southern state constitutions fell short of minimum requirements  Johnson granted special pardons  Revival of southern defiance

18. Black Codes  Purpose: * *  Forced many blacks to become [tenant farmers]

19. Congress Breaks with the President  Congress bars Southern Congressional delegates  Joint Committee on Reconstruction created  February, 1866  President the Freedmen’s Bureau Bill (expansion)  March, 1866  Johnson the 1866 Civil Rights Act  Congress passed both bills over Johnson’s vetoes  1 st in U. S. history!

21. 14 th Amendment  Ratified in July, 1868 * * *  Southern states would be punished for denying the right to vote to black citizens!

22. The Balance of Power in Congress StateWhite CitizensFreedmen SC291,000411,000 MS353,000436,000 LA357,000350,000 GA591,000465,000 AL596,000437,000 VA719,000533,000 NC631,000331,000

23. The 1866 Election Johnson’s “Swing around the Circle”  A referendum on Radical Reconstruction  Johnson made an ill-conceived propaganda tour around the country to push his plan 

24. Radical Plan for Readmission  Civil authorities in the territories were subject to military supervision  Required new state constitutions, including black suffrage and ratification of the 13 th and 14 th Amendments  In March, 1867, Congress passed an act that authorized the military to enroll eligible black voters and begin the process of constitution making

25. Reconstruction Acts of 1867  Military Reconstruction Act * Restart Reconstruction in the 10 Southern states that refused to ratify the 14 th Amendment * Divide the 10 “unreconstructed states” into 5 military districts

26. Reconstruction Acts of 1867  Command of the Army Act * The President must issue all Reconstruction orders through the commander of the military.  Tenure of Office Act * The President could not remove any officials [esp. Cabinet members] without the Senate’s consent, if the position originally required Senate approval.  Designed to protect radical members of Lincoln’s government  A question of the constitutionality of this law Edwin Stanton

27. Andrew Johnson Impeachment

28. Andrew Johnson

29. Impeachment The Constitution, Article II, Section 4: The President, Vice President and all civil Officers of the United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors. The Constitution, Article I, Section 3: The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeachments. When sitting for that Purpose, they shall be on Oath or Affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside: And no Person shall be convicted without the Concurrence of two thirds of the Members present. Judgment in Cases of Impeachments shall not extend further than to removal from Office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any Office of honor, Trust, or Profit under the United States, but the Party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to Indictment, Trial, Judgment, and Punishment, according to Law.

30. Presidential Power Article II, Section 2: He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law: but the Congress may by law vest the appointment of such inferior officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments.

31. The Man in the Center of the Controversy Edwin Stanton

32. Tenure of Office Act All federal officials whose appointment required Senate confirmation could not be removed without the consent of the Senate. When the Senate was not in session, the Act allowed the President to suspend an official, but if the Senate upon its reconvening refused to concur in the removal, the official must be reinstated in his position

33. Impeachment Trial Leaders C.J. Salmon Chase Left to right, Seated: Benjamin F. Butler, Thaddeus Stevens, Thomas Williams, John A. Bingham. Standing: James F. Wilson, George S. Boutwell, John A. Logan. -Matthew Brady photograph

34. Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner Impeachment Leaders Benjamin Wade

35. "Twenty-four 'Guilties' have been pronounced and ten more certain are to come. Willey is almost sure and that will make thirty-five. Thirty-six votes are needed, and with this one vote the grand consummation is attained, Johnson is out and Wade in his place. It is a singular fact that not one of the actors in that high scene was sure in his own mind how his one senator was going to vote, except, perhaps, himself. 'Mr. Senator Ross, how say you?' the voice of the Chief Justice rings out over the solemn silence. 'Is the respondent, Andrew Johnson, guilty or not guilty of a high misdemeanor as charged in this article?' The Chief Justice bends forward, intense anxiety furrowing his brow. The seated associates of the senator on his feet fix upon him their united gaze. The representatives of the people of the United States watch every movement of his features. The whole audience listens for the coming answer as it would have listened for the crack of doom. And the answer comes, full, distinct, definite, unhesitating and unmistakable. The words 'Not Guilty' sweep over the assembly, and, as one man, the hearers fling themselves back into their seats; the strain snaps; the contest ends; impeachment is blown into the air."

36. Senate Impeachment Vote Yea  35 (Convict) Nays  19 (Acquit)

39. Reaction to Final Vote

40. Legacy of Johnson Impeachment * Tenure of Office Act declared unconstitutional in 1926 by SCOTUS