1. Introductory Psychology Instructor: Evette Samaan
Welcome to
Psychology 101
Introductory Psychology
Instructor: Evette Samaan
Book: Myers, David G. (2002). Exploring Psychology, 5th Edition.

2. History of Psychology Psychology is a fairly new science.
Until the 19th century it was not recognized as a separate field of study.
The birth of psychology as a formal science can be traced back to 1879.
It was founded by Wilhelm Wundt in Leipzig, Germany.
The use of introspection

3. Defining Psychology
Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes and how they are affected by an organism’s physical state, mental state, and external environment.

4. Specialties in Psychology
Experimental Psychology
Clinical Psychology
Educational Psychology
Developmental Psychology
Industrial Psychology
Psychometric Psychology
Social Psychology

5. Defining Personality
Personality is a distinctive and stable pattern of behavior, thoughts, motives, and emotions that characterizes an individual over time.
This pattern reflects a particular constellation of traits and characteristics that describe the person across many situations: shy, friendly, hostile, or brave.

6. Measuring Personality
Projective Tests
Objective Tests

7. Psychological Testing
Objective Tests
Also called Inventories
Measure beliefs, feelings, or behaviors of which the individual is aware
Have more reliability and validity
Projective Tests
Designed to tap unconscious feelings or motives

8. 1- Objective Tests Inventories
The Beck Depression Scale Inventory
The Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
The Myers-Briggs Personality Inventory

10. 2- Projective Tests A psychodynamic measure of personality
They attempt to measure unconscious motives, feelings and conflicts.
Example: Rorschach Inkblot Test – the client reports what he sees in the inkblots and the clinician interprets the answers according to the symbolic meaning emphasized by the psychodynamic theories.

11. The Rorschach Projective Test

14. Theories of Personality
1- The Trait Perspective
2- The Psychodynamic Perspective
3- The Social-Cognitive Learning Theory
4- The Biological Theory
5- The Humanist and Existential Theories

15. 1- Trait Perspective Gordon Allport (1897-1977)
1- Cardinal Traits
Are of overwhelming importance to the individual and influence almost everything the person does.
Example: nonviolence
Gandhi and Martin Luther King

16. 2- Central Traits 3- Secondary Traits
Reflect a characteristic way of behaving, dealing with others, and reacting to new situations.
Example: the person’s attitude towards the world (negative or positive)
3- Secondary Traits
They include habits, opinions, and preferences for colors or food, for example.

17. The Big Five Introversion vs. Extroversion
Neuroticism or Emotional Instability
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness
Openness to Experience

18. Which of the five robust factors enhance the person’s well-being?
Which of them inhibit the person’s well-being?

19. 2-The Psychodynamic Theories (You Are What You Were)
Freud
Psychoanalysis
a- The Structure of Personality
b- Psychosexual Stages
c- Defense Mechanisms

20. Freud, Psychoanalysis

21. Structure of Personality
Id:
Pleasure principle
Life & death instincts
Immediate gratification
Ego
Reality Principle
Superego
Ego Ideal: moral and social standards
Conscience: the inner voice

22. Structure of Personality

23. Psychosexual Stages 1- Oral Stage (0-2) 2- Anal Stage (2-3)
3- The Phallic Stage (3-6)
4- The Latency Stage (6-12)
5- The Genital Stage (12-18)

24. Examine the life of a rapist in light of Freud’s Psychosexual stages and structure of personality.
What happened during each stage?
Was he fixated at any stage?
What principle does he operate by?
What structure of personality is dominant?
What is his famous sentence?
Describe him in one word.
Is there a balance between the function of the id and the superego? Why?

25. Defense Mechanisms 1- Repression 2- Projection 3- Displacement
4- Regression
5- Denial
6- Sublimation
7- Reaction Formation

26. Describe the condition this person is in, in terms of:
Defense mechanisms
The condition he/she is in
Whether he/she is liberated
Whether he/she has a clear understanding of the concept of salvation and the new birth in Christ

27. I Like It Here They told me on the other side
Of the raging River of Change,
There is nowhere to hide.
But it sounds a bit strange,
Here my feelings are inside,
My heart has a guarded gate, what’s in can’t go outside,
And no one can investigate.

28. They told me on the other side
Everything will seem clear, turning on the light inside
Will make the dark disappear.
But it is a long , long ride,
No, thank you my dear,
I need a place to hide.
So, since I like it here,
It’s here where I’ll reside.

29. Change, I truly don’t know,
Why would I go to neverland
Just that I may grow?
Here I know where I stand,
I know how things will go.
Why must I leave my land
Drop my act for a new show?
Change is not drawing near,
’Cause I certainly like it here.

30. Erik Erikson (1909-1994) Psychosocial Stages
1- Trust vs. Mistrust (birth to 1 ½)
2- Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt (1 ½ -3)
3- Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6)
4- Competence vs. Inferiority (6-12)
5- Identity vs. role confusion (12-18)
6- Intimacy vs. Isolation (young adulthood)
7- Generativity vs. Stagnation (middle adulthood)
8- Ego Integrity vs. Despair (older adulthood)

31. Freud Erikson Psychosexual stages 5 stages of development
Sexual motivation
If issues aren’t resolved, fixation occurs
End: sexually mature adult (adolescence)
Psychosocial stages
8 developmental stages
Psychological and social motivation
At each stage there is a crisis that must be resolved
Development is an ongoing process

32. What happened to these people? In which stage did the crisis occur?
Someone who is insecure
Someone with low self-esteem
Someone with an inferiority complex
Someone who’s shy
Someone who is insecure about his sexual orientation
Someone who has difficulty establishing healthy relationships
Someone with a midlife crisis
Someone who’s terrified of death

33. 3- The Social-Cognitive School (You Are What You Think & Observe)
1- Locus of Control
Julian Rotter
2- Self-efficacy
Albert Bandura
3- Latent Learning
Edward Tolman

34. The Social-Cognitive School Three Principles
Learning
Cognition
Social Behavior

35. Reciprocal Determinism
Personal-cognitive factors interact with the environment to influence people’s behavior.

36. Julian Rotter Locus of Control
Internal (Internals)
Tend to believe they are responsible for what happens to them
External (Externals)
Tend to believe that they are victims of luck, fate, or others

37. Choose Your Locus of Control
1- a. Many of the unhappy situations are partly due to bad luck.
b. People’s misfortunes result from mistakes they make.
2- a. Becoming a success is a matter of hard work; luck has little or nothing to do with it.
b. Getting a job depends mainly on being in the right place at the right time.

38. Reciprocal Determinism in Locus of Control
Expectations
Affect
What happens (environment & behavior)
What happens
Affect
Expectations

39. Albert Bandura Self-efficacy Is Derived from:
Experiences in mastering new skills
Vicarious experiences provided by successful people
Encouragement and persuasion
Physiological and emotional state

40. Self-efficacy

41. Reciprocal Determinism in Self-efficacy
Belief in your abilities
Affects
What happens to you (Behavior & environment)
What happens to you
Affects
Your belief in your abilities

42. Social-Cognitive School
Julian Rotter
(1966, 82, 90)
A. Bandura
(1994, 1995)
E. Tolman
(1938)
External/Internal Locus of control
Self-efficacy
Latent Learning
Generalized Ex-
pectancies
Observation
Imitation
Cognitive Map
Reciprocal Determinism
Insight
Tolman, p. 255

43. Which comes first, the biology or the belief?

44. Biology Belief Genesists
You will be disposed to seek out situations that let you express your biologically influenced trait.
You are an active person then you play sports
Social Cognitive Theory
You will seek situations in which you believe you can behave a certain way.
You believe you’re good in sports then you play sports

45. 3- The Biological Perspective (You Are What You’re Born)
1- Ethology
2- Developmental Neuroscience

46. Ethological Theories Konrad Lorenz
Behavior is influenced by biology.
Imprinting is the rapid, innate learning within a limited period of time that involves attachment to the first moving object.
Critical period is a very early period in development in which certain behaviors optimally occur.

48. Developmental Neuroscience
The study of the development of brain structures and the relations between brain structures and functions and behavior

49. 5- The Humanist & Existentialist Theories
Abraham Maslow ( )
Carl Rogers ( )
Rollo May ( )

50. Abraham Maslow Hierarchy of Needs 1- Safety & Physiological Needs
2- Emotional & Psychological Needs
3- Self-acctualization

52. Carl Rogers Congruence Unconditional Positive Regard Self-fulfillment
Relationship between self and organism
Unconditional Positive Regard
Self-fulfillment

53. Congruence Self = Organism
Your conscious view of yourself
The way you want to be based on peer, parental, and societal pressures
Organism
Sum of all of your experiences
Who we really are
Others and the environment give us feedback on who we really are

54. Existentialism Rollo May
Difficult and Tragic Aspects of the Human Condition
Freedom of Choice
Absence of any obvious meaning or sense to life

55. Which Approach is Right?
Consider the behavior of an alcoholic person.
What led to this lifestyle?
What are the factors to be considered?
Biological cultural
Social/family cognitive
Emotions personality

56. Song The Greatest Love of All
I believe the children are our future;
Teach them well and let them lead the way.
Show them all the beauty they possess inside.
Give them a sense of pride
to make it easier;
Let the children’s laughter
remind us how we used to be.

57. Everybody is looking for a hero;
People need someone to look up to.
I never found anyone who fulfilled my needs;
A lonely place to be
And so I learned to depend on me.
I decided long ago
Never to walk in anyone’s shadow.

58. If I fail, if I succeed,
At least I lived as I believe.
No matter what they take from me,
They can’t take away my dignity;
Because the greatest love of all
is happening to me.
I found the greatest love of all
inside of me.
The greatest love of all
is easy to achieve.
Learning to love yourself
Is the greatest love of all.

59. What theory does the song represent?
Is she self-actualized?
Did she have unconditional positive regard?
Where her psychological needs met?
What did she do with her free will?
What is her locus of control?
Describe her self-efficacy now.
Is she on her way to self-actualization, or she is stuck somewhere in the hierarchy of needs?

60. Who or Which Theory would most likely State the Following Statements
Choose from the following:
Freud, Wilhelm Wundt, Psychodynamic psychologist, Jean Piaget, Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow, Bandura, Rotter, Lorenz, existentialism, humanism, ecological, Erikson, Skinner, Pavlov, social-learning, Thorndike

61. 1- My theory emphasizes the unconscious dynamics within the individual.
2- I reject that behavior is determined by unconscious dynamics or the environment.
3- I say that people have freedom of choice, but this freedom entails anxiety.
4- I believe that people can reach their full potential when treated with unconditional positive regard.
5- I would like to call my psychology the “third force.”
6- My psychology compares the human brain to a computer.
7- I believe that fully functioning people show congruence or harmony between self and organism.
8- According to me, sexuality is very important in development.
9- I believe that people develop over the life span in 8 stages

62. 10-I talk about the hierarchy of needs.
11-I talk about imprinting.
12-People learn by observation and insight.
13-I talk about the locus of control.
14-I talk about the reciprocal determinism in self-efficacy.
15-I believe that the structure of personality consists of the id, ego, and superego.
16-There are 4 levels of the environment: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, and macrosystem.
17-The study of the relations between brain structures and functions and behavior.
18-I established the first psychological lab.

63. 19-I talk about the law of effect.
20-I coined the expression “classical conditioning.”
21-I coined the expression “operant conditioning.”
22-Learning occurs in the environment in which stimuli elicit responses.
23-I experimented with dogs to measure the amount of saliva they produced when listening to the sound of a bell.
24-I talk about 4 stages of cognitive development.
25-Children acquire knowledge in a quantitative as well as qualitative manner.