1. Table of Contents Health Science and Technology Education A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Anatomy and Physiology

2. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Anatomy and Physiology LessonsTopic Overview Go Go 1 – 2 Anatomy and Physiology Go Go 3 – 5Integumentary System Go Go 6 – 8 Skeletal System Go Go 9 – 11 Muscular System Go Go 12 – 14 Nervous System Go Go 15 – 20 Sensory System Go Go 21 – 23 Cardiovascular System Go Go 24 – 26 Lymphatic System Go Go 27 – 29 Respiratory System Go Go 30 – 32 Digestive System Go Go 33 – 35 Urinary System Go Go 36 – 38 Endocrine System Go Go 39 – 42 Reproductive System Go Go 43 – 44 Disease and Immunity Go Go

3. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Questions 1.What are some of the long-term complications of diabetes? 2.How does diabetes illustrate the interdependence of the body systems? 3.What advice would you give a diabetic?

4. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Key Question  How is the body organized?  How are the parts of the body interdependent?

5. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 1 – Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy Physiology Body structures are organized into levels

6. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 1 – Cells Cells Functions of life

7. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 1 – Parts of Cells Cell membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus

8. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 1 – Organelles Organelles In addition to the nucleus, important organelles include: ▫Mitochondria ▫Ribosomes ▫Endoplasmic reticulum ▫Centrioles ▫Golgi apparatus ▫Lysosomes

9. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 1 – Metabolism Metabolism Anabolism Catabolism

10. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 1 – Cell Reproduction: Mitosis Mitosis Supports the growth and maintenance of cells Cells go through the process at different rates.

11. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 1 – Cell Reproduction: Mitosis (Continued) Steps in mitosis

12. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 1 – Cell Reproduction: Meiosis Meiosis 23 chromosomes Zygote

13. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 1 – Tissue Tissue Four major groups of tissue: ▫Epithelial ▫Connective ▫Muscle ▫Nervous

14. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 1 – Organs and Systems Organ System

15. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 1 – Organs and Systems (Continued) The major body systems include: ▫Integumentary system ▫Skeletal system ▫Muscular system ▫Nervous system ▫Sensory system ▫Cardiovascular system ▫Lymphatic system ▫Respiratory system ▫Digestive system ▫Urinary system ▫Endocrine system ▫Reproductive system

16. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 3 – Integumentary System Integumentary system It performs these functions: ▫Protects body ▫Maintains body temperature ▫Eliminates waste ▫Helps respond to touch sensations ▫Absorbs substances ▫Helps produce vitamin D

17. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 3 – Layers of Skin Epidermis Dermis Hypodermis

18. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 3 – Pigmentation Skin color is inherited Melanin Carotene

19. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 3 – Glands of the Skin Sudoriferous glands Sebaceous glands

20. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 3 – Hair and Nails Hair helps protect the body ▫Root ▫Shaft Nails protect the fingers and toes from injury

21. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 4 – Abnormal Pigmentation Albinos Abnormal colors of the skin can indicate disease: ▫Erythema ▫Jaundice ▫Cyanosis ▫Chronic poisoning

22. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 4 – Skin Eruptions Macule Papule Vesicle Pustule Crust Wheal Ulcer

23. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 4 – Diseases and Disorders of the Integumentary System Acne Vulgaris Contact Dermatitis Eczema Psoriasis

24. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 6 – Skeletal System Skeletal system The skeletal system: ▫Provides shape and support to the body ▫Protects vital organs ▫Acts as a set of levers, and together with muscles helps a person move ▫Produces blood cells ▫Stores calcium

25. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 6 – Types of Bones Long bones Short bones Flat bones Irregular bones

26. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 6 – Parts of Long Bones Diaphysis Epiphysis Articular cartilage Periosteum Medullary canal Endosteum

27. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 6 – Bone Marrow Red marrow Yellow marrow

28. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 6 – Sections of the Skeletal System Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton

29. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 6 – Axial Skeleton: Skull The skull consists of the cranium and facial bones. Cranium ▫1 frontal ▫2 parietal ▫2 temporal ▫1 occipital ▫1 ethmoid ▫1 sphenoid Sutures.

30. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 6 – Axial Skeleton: Skull (Continued) Facial bones ▫5 nasal ▫2 maxilla ▫2 lacrimal ▫2 zygomatic ▫2 palatine ▫1 mandible Sinuses

31. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 6 – Axial Skeleton: Spinal Column Vertebrae Discs

32. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 6 – Axial Skeleton: Thorax Thorax Ribs Sternum ▫Manubrium ▫Gladiolus ▫Xiphoid process

33. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 6 – Appendicular Skeleton: Shoulder Girdle Shoulder girdle –2 clavicles –2 scapulas.

34. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 6 – Appendicular Skeleton: Arms and Hands Arm bones: ▫Humerus ▫Ulna ▫Radius Hand bones: ▫8 carpals ▫5 metacarpals ▫14 phalanges

35. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 6 – Appendicular Skeleton: Pelvic Girdle Pelvic girdle is made of 2 hip bones, which connect at the symphysis pubis. Each hip bone is composed of 3 sections: ▫Illium ▫Ischium ▫Pubis

36. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 6 – Appendicular Skeleton: Legs and Feet Leg bones: ▫Femur ▫Patella ▫Tibia ▫Fibula Foot bones: ▫7 tarsals ▫5 metatarsals ▫14 phalanges

37. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 6 – Joints Joints Ligaments Joints are classified by movement: ▫Diarthrosis– movable ▫Amphiarthrosis– partially movable ▫Synarthrosis– not movable

38. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 7 – Diseases and Disorders of the Skeletal System Arthritis Sprain Dislocation Fracture

39. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 9 – Muscular System The muscular system contains over 600 muscles. The muscular system performs these functions: ▫Helps with body movement ▫Supports body posture ▫Produces heat and energy ▫Protects internal organs ▫Helps move blood, food, and waste products through the body ▫Opens and closes body openings

40. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 9 – Muscle Traits All muscles have four common traits: ▫Excitability or Irritability ▫Contractibility ▫Extensibility ▫Elasticity Muscle tone

41. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 9 – Types of Muscles Cardiac Visceral Skeletal

42. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 9 – Types of Muscles (Continued) Involuntary Muscles Voluntary Muscles

43. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 9 – Attachment of Skeletal Muscles Tendons Origin Insertion Fascia

44. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 9 – Types of Body Movements Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Rotation

45. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 10 – Loss of Muscle Tone Loss of muscle tone can result from serious illness. Lack of muscle use can result in: ▫Atrophy ▫Contracture

46. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 10 – Diseases and Disorders of the Muscular System Muscle Strain Fibromaylgia Muscular Dystrophy

47. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 12 – Nervous System The nervous system is the communication network for the body. The main function of the nervous system is to coordinate all of the body’s activities.

48. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 12 – Neurons Neuron, or nerve cell. Dendrites Axons Myelin sheath. Synapse

49. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 12 – Types of Neurons Afferent Efferent Associative

50. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 12 – Divisions of the Nervous System Central nervous system Peripheral nervous system –autonomic nervous system

51. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 12 – Central Nervous System: Brain Cerebrum Diencephalon ▫Thalamus ▫Hypothalamus Cerebellum

52. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 12 – Central Nervous System: Brain (Continued) Brain stem ▫Midbrain ▫Pons ▫Medulla oblongata

53. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 12 – Central Nervous System: Spinal Cord Controls many reflex actions Pathway for messages to and from the brain and the nerves that go to the muscles and glands.

54. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 12 – Central Nervous System: Protection Brain is protected by the skull Spinal cord is protected by the vertebrae Meninges cover and protect the brain and spinal cord: ▫Dura mater ▫Arachnoid ▫Pia mater Cerebrospinal fluid

55. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 12 – Peripheral Nervous System Cranial nerves –12 pairs and branches Spinal nerves –31 pairs and branches

56. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 12 – Autonomic Nervous System Autonomic nervous system controls the involuntary, or automatic, activities of the body Sympathetic system Parasympathetic system

57. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 13 – Diseases and Disorders of the Nervous System Myasthenia Gravis Cerebrovascular Accidents Multiple Sclerosis

58. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 15 – Sensory System Sensory system –vision –hearing –smell –taste –touch Receives stimuli and sends impulses to the brain to be interpreted. Recognizes changes in the environment

59. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 16 – Vision and the Eye Eye carries information to the brain where it is translated into vision, or sight. Vision is considered to be the most important sense.

60. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 16 – Layers of the Eye Sclera – outer eye Choroid coat – middle eye Retina – inner eye

61. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 16 – Other Parts of the Eye Iris Pupil Lens Aqueous humor Vitreous humor

62. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 16 – Pathway of Light through the Eye In order: ▫Cornea ▫Aqueous humor ▫Pupil ▫Lens ▫Vitreous humor

63. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 16 – Protection of the Eye Partly enclosed in a bony socket in the skull. Lacrimal glands Eyelids and eyelashes help keep out foreign materials. Conjunctiva

64. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 17 – Hearing and the Ear Controls hearing and sense of balance Ear carries sound waves to the brain Three main sections: –Outer ear –Middle ear –Inner ear

65. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 17 – Outer Ear Pinna Auditory canal Tympanic membrane

66. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 17 – Middle Ear Small chamber in the temporal bone Ossicles Eustachian tube

67. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 17 – Inner Ear Chochlea Semicircular canals

68. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 18 – Sense of Smell The nose is the organ that controls smell. Olfactory receptors Cilia The sense of smell is closely related to the sense of taste.

69. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 18 – Slide Title Taste buds The receptors in the taste buds send a signal to the brain to detect the flavor of the food. The four basic tastes: ▫Sweet ▫Salty ▫Sour ▫Bitter

70. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 18 – General Senses General senses: –Touch –Temperature –Pressure –Pain General sense receptors are located throughout the body in the skin and connective tissue. Each receptor perceives only one type of feeling.

71. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 19 – Diseases and Disorders of the Sensory System Conjunctivitis Cataract Hearing Loss Otitis Media Common Cold

72. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 21 – Cardiovascular System Includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The cardiovascular system performs these functions: ▫Supplies nutrients and oxygen to the body ▫Removes metabolic waste and carbon dioxide from cells ▫Distributes hormones and antibodies throughout the body ▫Helps control body temperature and electrolyte balance

73. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 21 – The Heart and Its Layers The heart is a two-sided, hollow organ about the size of a fist. Three layers of tissue: ▫Pericardium ▫Myocardium ▫Endocardium

74. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 21 – Chambers of the Heart Septum Each side is divided into two parts to create four chambers in total. ▫Atria ▫Ventricles Blood enters through atria, leaves through ventricles

75. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 21 – Heart Valves Atrioventricular ▫Tricuspid valve ▫Bicuspid valve Semilunar ▫Pulmonary valve ▫Aortic valve

76. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 21 – Circulation of Blood Pulmonary circulation Systemic circulation

77. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 21 – Heartbeat Electrical impulses starting in the heart cause the muscles to contract and the heart to beat. The right and left sides of heart work together in a cycle to produce a heartbeat.

78. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 21 – Blood Vessels Arteries Veins Capillaries

79. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 21 – Blood Blood is vital to life. About 4-5 liters of blood circulates through the average body. Two parts of blood: ▫Formed elements ▫Plasma

80. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 21 – Blood Cells Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets

81. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 21 – Plasma Plasma –90% water –10% proteins Serum

82. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 21 – Blood Types Four blood types: ▫Type A ▫Type B ▫Type AB ▫Type O Rh factor

83. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 21 – Blood Transfusion Incompatible types might have an adverse reaction. ▫Type O- is the universal donor. ▫Type AB+ is the universal recipient.

84. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 22 – Diseases and Disorders of the Cardiovascular System Congestive heart failure Hypertension Anemia Leukemia

85. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 24 – Lymphatic System The lymphatic system works along with the cardiovascular system to remove waste material. The lymphatic system performs these functions: ▫Transports excess fluid from tissues back into the cardiovascular system ▫Filters out harmful bacteria and other foreign substances ▫Destroys and removes old red blood cells.

86. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 24 – Lymph Lymph –contains white blood cells –does not contain red blood cells, platelets, or protein molecules Also called interstitial fluid or intercellular fluid.

87. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 24 – Lymphatic Vessels Form a branchlike pattern through the body Lacteals All lymphatic vessels empty one of two ducts: ▫Right lymphatic duct ▫Thoracic duct

88. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 24 – Movement of Lymph Contractions of muscles keep lymph flowing Lymph moves toward the heart. Valves prevent backward flow

89. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 24 – Lymph Nodes Lymph nodes: –filter out impurities and harmful matter –produce lymphocytes and antibodies.

90. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 24 – Other Lymphatic Tissue The tonsils exist in three pairs: ▫Palatine tonsils ▫Pharyngeal tonsils ▫Lingual tonsils Spleen Thymus

91. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 25 – Diseases and Disorders of the Lymphatic System Allergies Autoimmune Disease Hodgkin’s Disease

92. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 27 – Respiratory System The respiratory system includes the lungs and air passages. The system performs these functions: ▫Exchanges gases between the blood and the lungs ▫Helps regulate body temperature by cooling or warming the blood ▫Produces voice sounds

93. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 27 – Muscles for Breathing Intercostal muscles Diaphragm

94. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 27 – The Breathing Process Ventilation ▫Inspiration ▫Expiration A person can control the rate at times to breathe faster or slower.

95. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 27 – Nasal Cavity Cilia If the nasal cavity is blocked, air can enter and exit through the mouth instead. Sinuses

96. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 27 – Pharynx Pharynx, or throat ▫nasopharynx ▫oropharynx ▫laryngopharynx

97. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 27 – Larynx and Trachea Larynx Epiglottis Trachea

98. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 27 – Bronchial Tubes and Alveoli Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli

99. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 27 – Lungs Mediastinum Lobes –right lung has 3 lobes –left lung has 2 lobes Pleura

100. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 27 – Stages of Respiration Respiration Two major stages of respiration: ▫external respiration ▫internal respiration

101. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 28 – Diseases and Disorders of the Respiratory System Lung Cancer Atelectasis Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Asthma Pneumonia

102. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 30 – Digestive System The digestive system consists of the organs that make up the alimentary canal. The digestive system performs these functions: ▫Physically breaks down food into smaller pieces ▫Chemically breaks down food into fat, carbohydrates, and protein ▫Absorbs nutrients into the blood for use in the body ▫Helps maintain the proper amount of water, electrolytes, and other nutrients in the body ▫Eliminates waste products

103. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 30 – Mouth Food enters the alimentary canal, and the digestive system Mastication Bolus

104. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 30 – Pharynx Pharynx The pharynx can carry both air and food. Epiglottis

105. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 30 – Esophagus Esophagus Peristalsis

106. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 30 – Stomach Saclike, muscular organ that receives the bolus from the esophagus Cardiac sphincter Chyme Pyloric sphincter

107. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 30 – Small Intestine Most of the digestive products pass into the bloodstream in the small intestine. Digestion is completed in the small intestine Next the chyme passes into the large intestine.

108. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 30 – Large Intestine and Anus Most of the water from ingested food is absorbed back into the bloodstream in the large intestine. Escherichia coli (E-coli). Rectum Anus Defecation.

109. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 30 – Accessory Organs of the Digestive System Three accessory organs carry digestive juices to the digestive tract: ▫pancreas ▫liver ▫gallbladder

110. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 31 – Diseases and Disorders of the Digestive System Ulcer Constipation Inflammatory Bowel Disease Eating Disorders

111. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 33 – Urinary System The urinary system consists of two kidneys, two ureters, one bladder, and one urethra. It performs these functions: ▫Filters blood to remove wastes from it ▫Excretes wastes from the body ▫Helps maintain the body’s acid- base balance

112. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 33 – Kidneys Two bean-shaped organs on either side of the vertebral column. Two layers: ▫cortex ▫medulla Hilum

113. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 33 – Nephrons Tiny structures in the kidneys Each nephron is made of: ▫Glomerulus ▫Bowman’s capsule ▫Convoluted tubules ▫Collecting tubules

114. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 33 – Ureters and Bladder Ureter –attached to each of the two kidneys. –muscular tube –uses peristalsis to move the urine to the bladder Bladder –hollow, muscular sac –receives and stores urine

115. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 33 – Urethra Carries the urine from the bladder out of the body. Urinary meatus. Different in males and females.

116. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 34 – Conditions Affecting Urination Anuria Oliguria Polyuria Glycosuria Hematuria Pyuria Nocturia Dysuria Retention Incontinence

117. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 34 – Diseases and Disorders of the Urinary System Renal Calculus Cystitis Nephritis

118. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 36 – Endocrine System The endocrine system consists of glands that secrete substances called hormones into the bloodstream Hormones ▫“Chemical messengers” ▫Carried throughout the body by the bloodstream ▫Each hormone coordinates and directs specific activities of the body.

119. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 36 – Pituitary Gland The pituitary gland is a tiny gland known as the “master gland” because the hormones it produces regulate other glands. The pituitary gland is divided into two sections: ▫Anterior lobe ▫Posterior lobe

120. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 36 – Thyroid Gland Produces hormones that regulate body metabolism and reduce the amount of calcium in the blood Two lobes Isthmus Role of iodine

121. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 36 – Parathyroid Glands Four small glands attached to the back side of the thyroid gland. Produce hormone that maintains the balance of calcium and phosphorus in the blood

122. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 36 – Adrenal Glands Pair of glands, with one located above each kidney Produce hormones Two sections: ▫Adrenal cortex ▫Adrenal medulla

123. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 36 – Pancreas Fish-shaped organ located behind the stomach Produces two hormones: ▫Insulin ▫Glucagon Pancreatic juices are secreted into the small intestine to aid in digestion.

124. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 36 – Other Endocrine Glands Pineal body Thymus Ovaries Testes

125. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 37 – Diseases and Disorders of the Endocrine System Diabetes Mellitus Hyperthyroidism Hypothyroidism

126. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 39 – Reproductive System: Male Produces new life Same types of organs for males and females Gonads, or sex glands Male organs located mainly outside of body

127. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 39 – Testes The male gonads Located in scrotum Produce sperm Produce testosterone

128. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 39 – Seminal Ducts and Vesicles Epididymis Vas deferens Seminal vesicles Ejaculatory ducts Prostate gland Urethra

129. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 39 – Prostate Gland and Cowper’s Glands Prostate gland –fluid protects sperm and helps them move Cowper’s glands –fluid helps sperm survive –lubricates urethra to help semen move

130. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 39 – Penis External male reproductive organ Caries urine and semen Deposits semen into the female vagina

131. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 40 – Reproductive System: Female Produces new life Gonads, or sex glands Female organs are located mainly within the body

132. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 40 – Ovaries Female gonads Produce ova, which are stored in follicles Produce hormones estrogen and progesterone Ovulation

133. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 40 – Fallopian Tubes Located above the ovaries Ovum is swept into one of the two fallopian tubes by fimbriae The fallopian tubes are also attached to the uterus. Cilia guide ovum to uterus. Fertilization usually takes place in the fallopian tubes.

134. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 40 – Uterus After fertilization, uterus provides for development and growth of fetus Three parts: ▫Fundus ▫Corpus ▫Cervix Three layers of uterine wall: ▫Endometrium ▫Myometrium ▫Perimetrium

135. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 40 – Vagina Muscular tube that connects cervix to outside of body Passageway for menstrual flow and childbirth Female organ for intercourse

136. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 40 – Vulva Vulva includes: ▫Mons pubis ▫Labia majora ▫Labia minora Other external structures include: ▫Clitoris ▫Bartholin’s glands ▫Perineum

137. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 40 – Breasts Accessory organs to the female reproductive system Contain fatty tissue and a system of ducts that produce milk and transport it to the nipples.

138. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 41 – Diseases and Disorders of the Reproductive System Infertility Sexually Transmitted Diseases

139. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 43 – Homeostasis Keeping a state of balance in the body Must preserve a balance of fluids, temperature, oxygen, electrolytes, and nutrients for survival.

140. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 43 – Interdependence of Body Systems Systems must work together in order to support human life Problem in one system may have effects on other systems

141. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 43 – Abnormal Cell Conditions Atrophy Hyperplasia Metaplasia Dsyplasia Neoplasia

142. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 43 – Tumors Formed when cells divide in an unusual way and an abnormal and uncontrolled growth occurs Two types of tumors: ▫benign tumor ▫malignant tumor

143. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 43 – Cancer Common sites of cancer include: ▫Mouth ▫Lungs ▫Breast ▫Colon ▫Uterus ▫Bone marrow Warning signs and treatment vary with the area affected. Treatment involves surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy.

144. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 43 – Immunity Body’s ability to resist invaders and diseases they cause Two general types: ▫Natural immunity ▫Acquired immunity

145. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 43 – Natural Immunity Some diseases that affect other animals normally do not affect human beings. Body systems work together to provide defenses against invaders ▫physically ▫chemically

146. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 43 – Acquired Immunity Natural acquired immunity Artificial acquired immunity Passive acquired immunity Active acquired immunity

147. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents  Which body systems have similar or related functions? Compare and contrast how those systems perform those functions.  In what ways does the body defend itself? How does it try to prevent disease, and how does it react to disease?  Why is it important to carefully evaluate possible treatments for a disease or disorder before deciding on a course of action?  How is knowledge of anatomy and physiology beneficial to health care workers? Reflect – Unit Questions

148. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Reflect – Key Questions  How is the body organized?  How are the parts of the body interdependent?

149. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Reinforce Project Informative Brochure You will create an brochure that informs others about a specific disease or disorder.