1. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Cardiovascular System

2. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents The cardiovascular system includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The cardiovascular system performs these functions: ▫Supplies nutrients and oxygen to the body ▫Removes metabolic waste and carbon dioxide from cells ▫Distributes hormones and antibodies throughout the body ▫Helps control body temperature and electrolyte balance

3. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents The Heart and Its Layers The heart is a two-sided, hollow organ about the size of a fist. The heart has three layers of tissue: ▫Pericardium – outer layer, reduces friction as the heart beats ▫Myocardium – middle layer, pumps blood through the system ▫Endocardium – inner layer, allows the blood to flow smoothly

4. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Chambers of the Heart The heart is separated into the right and left sides by a thick, muscular wall called the septum. Each side is divided into two parts to create four chambers in total. ▫Atria – two top chambers ▫Ventricles – two bottom chambers The blood enters the heart through the atria and leaves through the ventricles.

5. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Heart Valves Atrioventricular valves are located between the atria and the ventricles on each side of the heart. ▫Tricuspid valve – right side ▫Bicuspid valve – left side Semilunar valves are located between the ventricles and the vessels where blood leaves the heart. ▫Pulmonary valve ▫Aortic valve

6. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Circulation of Blood Pulmonary circulation – flow of blood between the heart and lungs ▫The right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs. ▫Carbon dioxide is exchanged for oxygen. ▫Oxygenated blood returns to the left side of the heart. Systemic circulation – flow of blood between the heart and body ▫The left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to the body. ▫Blood returns to the right side of the heart. Coronary circulation – flow of blood to the heart muscle ▫The left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to heart tissue ▫Blood returns to the right side of the heart.

7. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Pathway of Blood Through the Heart Superior & inferior vena cava Right atrium Tricuspid valve Right ventricle Pulmonary semilunar valve Pulumonary arteries Lungs to exchange gases Pulmonary veins Left atrium Bicuspid / Mitral valve Left ventricle Aortic semilunar valve Aorta all parts of the body

8. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Heartbeat Electrical impulses starting in the heart cause the muscles to contract and the heart to beat. The right and left sides of the heart work together in a cycle to produce a heartbeat. ▫First, the atria contract and push blood into the ventricles. ▫The atria then relax, and as they are filling with blood, the ventricles contract and send blood to the parts of the body.

9. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Blood Vessels Arteries carry blood away from the heart. Veins carry blood back to the heart. Capillaries are microscopic vessels that carry blood between the arterial and venous vessels.

10. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Blood Blood is vital to life. About 4-5 liters of blood circulates through the average body. Two parts of blood: ▫Formed elements - solid ▫Plasma - liquid

11. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Blood Cells Red blood cells ▫Contain a protein called hemoglobin ▫Carrie oxygen to all cells and remove carbon dioxide White blood cells ▫Fight disease and infection ▫There are fewer white blood cells than red ones, and they are larger. Platelets ▫Smallest blood cells ▫Help form clots to prevent blood loss from a wound.

12. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 21 – Plasma Plasma is a pale yellow liquid that is left when formed elements are removed from blood. Plasma is about 90% water and 10% proteins. It also has proteins that help fight infection and aid the clotting process. Serum is plasma without the clotting proteins. It may be used to research and identify antibodies.

13. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 21 – Blood Types Four blood types: ▫Type A contains the A protein. ▫Type B contains the B protein. ▫Type AB contains both proteins. ▫Type O contains neither protein. Blood may also be labeled as positive or negative for the Rh factor. The Rh factor is a type of substance that causes the body to produce antibodies.

14. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 21 – Blood Transfusion Prior to a blood transfusion, it is important for both the donor’s and the recipient’s blood to be tested for type and Rh factor. A person who receives blood from a donor with an incompatible type might have an adverse reaction. ▫Type O- is the universal donor. ▫Type AB+ is the universal recipient.

15. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Diseases and Disorders of the Cardiovascular System Congestive heart failure – when the heart is unable to pump enough blood to supply the needs of the body Hypertension - high blood pressure Anemia – w hen not enough oxygen is supplied to the body tissues Leukemia – w hen there is an abnormal increase in the number of white blood cell