1. The Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal (or Mogul)
The Muslim Empires
The Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal (or Mogul)

2. Ottomans: Beginning started on Anatolian Peninsula in Turkey.
land granted them by the Seljuk Turks.
pastoral and peaceful people at the start
As the Seljuk Turks began to decline, the Osman began to expand.

3. Ottoman: Military Power
14th century moved into the Balkans.
took the title of sultan and began to build strong military
Developed the janissaries

4. Ottoman: Expansion
April 6, 1453, laid siege to the city of Constantinople.
May 29, 1453, Constantinople falls led by Mehmet II (the conquerer.
The city was later renamed Istanbul.

5. Hagia Sophia

6. Ottoman: Selim I (ruled 1512-1520)
took control of Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Arabia – included Jerusalem, Mecca, and Madinah.
took the title of caliph
Extended empire from Black Sea to Red Sea to Strait of Gibraltar.
little impact on North Africa.
Appointed Pashas

7. Ottoman: Suleiman I (the magnificent (ruled 1520-1566)
Suleiman’s Signature
expanded into Europe and the western Med. Sea.
He was a great military commander, but he known for his legislation as well.
He codified Ottoman law keeping Islamic faith, took into account Christian inhabitants of the Empire, addressed taxes, and built more schools.
married a harem girl from Poland, Roxelana, and had 5 children with her.
executed his eldest son Mustafa
Roxelana’s son Selim took power when Suleiman died in 1566.

8. Battle of Lepanto (1571)

9. Ottoman: Political
" gunpowder empire”
Sultans were the supreme authorities in both political and military senses.
sultan was hereditary – a son always succeeded the father.
Since the times of Mehmet II, Ottoman sultans ruled from the Topkaki Palace in Istanbul.
The private domain of the sultan was called a “harem,” or “sacred place.”
When a son became sultan, his mother became queen mother

10. Ottoman: Political “grand vizier”: chief advisor to the sultan
led meetings of the imperial council that met 4 days a week.
The empire was divided into districts and ruled by officials who were helped by bureaucrats trained at palace schools.
Senior officials were given land but the sultan and were responsible for collecting taxes and supplying armies for the empire
Sunni Muslims.
Sultans had claimed the title of caliph since the 16th century.
religious duties given to the “ulema”- a group of religious advisors.

11. Ottoman: Religion
The Ottoman were tolerant of non-Muslims. Non-Muslims paid a tax, but they were allowed to practice their religion or to convert to Islam.
Most people in the European areas of the empire remained Christian. In some areas, the large numbers converted to the Islamic faith.

12. Ottoman: Social Structure
Subjects were divided by occupation
Ruling class, peasants, artisans, merchants, and pastoral peoples.

13. The Golden Age of the Ottomans

14. Ottoman: Decline
The problems of the Ottoman Empire began with Selim II around 1699.
training of officials declined
senior positions were given to the sons and daughters of the elite
members of the elite busy trying to amass their own fortunes
Local government grew more corrupt and taxes rose
wars depleted imperial treasury

15. Ottoman: Decline influence of Western Europe
Western clothes, Western furniture, tobacco and coffee were introduced to the Ottomans
Some sultans tried to fight the trends of Western Europe.

16. Safavid: Shah Ismail (1501-1524)
“shah” is king of the new Persian state.
Under Ismail, the Safavid took control of much of Iran and Iraq
Red Hats or Qizilbash
Shiite Muslim
“Twelver Shiism”
Massacre of Sunni Muslims when he took Baghdad.
Lost major battle at Tabriz to Suleiman

17. Safavid: Shah Abbas (1588 to 1629)
Brought the Safavids to their highest point of glory.
Usurped the throne from his father
Modernized Military
Captured men in Russia forced them to convert and fight
Attacked the Ottoman Turks, with European help
Could not keep territorial gains
When Shah Abbas died, religious orthodoxy increased. Women were to give up freedom for a life of seclusion and the wearing of the veil.

18. Safavid: Isfahan Safavid capital.
Social structure: Shah, bureaucracy and landed classes, then the common people.
Official religion was Shia Islam because the Shiites supported the shahs at first.
Isfahan vs. Istanbul
Silk and carpet weaving
Riza-i-Abbasi, most famous artist of this time.

19. Moguls: Babur (1483-1530) Founder
United the Hindu and Muslim kingdoms of India
Descendant of Timur the Lame and Mongol conquerors of Genghis Khan
Armies were usually smaller than his opponents

20. Mogul: Akbar the Great (1556-1605)
Grandson of Babur
Placed most of India under Mogul control by use of artillery and negotiation.
Adopted a policy of religious tolerance – even marrying a Hindu princess.
New religion Din-i-Ilahi (“Divine Faith”
Zamindars were low ranking officials of Hindu descent who got paid by keeping part of collected taxes.
Treatment of women

21. Mogul: Shah Jahan (ruled 1628 – 1658)
He ruled using the political system started by earlier Mogul rulers.
Expanded the boundaries of the Mogul Empire
Best known for the Taj Mahal (in Agra, India) which combines Persian, Ottoman, Indian, and Islamic styles.

22. Mogul: Aurangzeb (1618-1657) Devout Muslim and man of high principle.
Tried to eliminate many of the things he thought were social evils in India: suttee, levying illegal taxes, gambling, and drinking.
Did not embrace religious tolerance
Mogul fell during his reign b/c of
Land grant system
Failure to integrate newly conquered territories
Rise of regional powers

23. Moguls : Gender Women had a complex life.
Women had played a role in Mogul tribal society – warriors and advisors in political matters. They could own land and do business.
They also had restrictions of Islamic law: isolation of women was practiced in upper class Hindu families.
A lot of Hindu practices went unchanged by Mogul rule

24. Moguls: Art and culture
brought together Persian and Indian influences in art and architecture.
Akbar got Indian artist to use Persian and Indian motifs.
The “Akbar style” included humans in action.
Akbar encouraged his artist to imitate European art forms, including perspective and lifelike portraits.
Akbar commissioned artist from Persia and Europe to come teach Indian artists.