1. Latin America

2. 1800’s ► European colonial power in region declines  Spanish and Portuguese empires in decline ► Independence movements increase throughout area ► 20 new countries formed  Set up constitutions like U.S. ► Overall a failure  Civil war, dictatorships and revolts ► Democratic movement fails  Why?

3. Lingering problems ► New nations had no change in political and social hierarchy  Criollos replaced peninsulares as ruling class  Catholic church still holds land and privilege ► Constitutions guaranteed equality but….  For most quality of life did not increase  Voting rights limited  Small groups held most land and $$

4. Searching for Stability ► Due to colonial legacy no national unity  Regionalism weakened nationalism  Caudillos recruited locals and formed armies to resist central governments  Power struggles among caudillos and governments led to frequent revolts ► Ruling elite split  Conservatives ► Traditional social order, press censorship, Church supported  Liberals ► Laissez-faire, religious toleration, freedom of the press, greater access to education

5. México struggle for stability ► 1845 Texas annexed by U.S. ► U.s. Mexican war  U.S. invades Mexico  Mexico loses half its territory to U.S. ► Defeat triggers a revolution in Mexico  Santa Anna’s days are numbered

6. Benito Juarez ► Liberal leader ushered in era of reform known as La Reforma  Revised Mexican constitution ► Stripped millitary of power ► Stripped Church of power as well  Conservative reaction??

7. Conservative response ► Resist La reforma and begin Civil war ► Juarez elected president 1861  Conservatives ask Europe for help ► 1863 French send troops ► Austrian Archduke Maximillian made emperor  4 years war rages on ► France removes troops ► Maximillian captured and killed ► 1867 Juarez returns to power  Reforms still opposed ► Still helped bring mestizos into politics and separated church from state

8. Porfirio Diaz ► Hero of war against French ► Stages coup after Juarez dies ► Gains full power ► 1876 makes himself dictator

9. “Order and Progress” ► Army, police, central government strengthened  Opposition crushed ► Under his rule Mexico increased in some ways ► Under his rule Mexico was weakened ► Tell me how turn to page 441

10. ProsCons

11. ► Railroads built ► Foreign trade increased ► Industry developed ► Mining expanded ► Central power strengthened ► Industry capital from feigners  Special rights granted to them ► Wealthy landowners purchased indian land ► Peonage system ► Child mortality increased ► Child literacy low ► Children working 12 hous ► Pro or con??

12. Peonage

13. BLAST FROM THE PAST DO NOW!!!!! ► What were 3 ways the Meiji reformed Japan?

14. Monroe Doctrine 1823

15. Monroe Doctrine

16. U.S. Influence ► Monroe Doctrine-1823  “The American Continents, are not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers.” ► Supported by Britain ► Why?

17. What do you see?

18. Pres. Mckinleys suit

19. U.S. Expansion ► Result of war with mexico  Cali,ariz,new mex,Nev,Ut,col ► Cuba  Freed after Spanish American War ► But………….. ► 1901 Platt amendment to the constitution

20. U.S. Interference ► American Investments increase in 1900’s  Investment needs protection ► Roosevelt Corollary added to Monroe Doctrine  right of the United States to intervene to "stabilize" the economic affairs of small states in the Caribbean and Central America if they were unable to pay their international debts.  What was alternative?  Dominican Republic

21. T.R. corollary

22. Dollar Diplomacy ► American Company’s invest constant flow of $ into Latin America ► goal of diplomacy was to create stability and order abroad that would best promote American commercial interests ► But with $$ comes………..

23. Panama Canal

24. How to dig a canal ► U.S Had wanted to build a canal for awhile ► Panama belonged to Columbia ► What to do ► Back Panama independence revolt in Columbia ► 2 weeks after independence Hay-Bunau Varilla Treaty signed ► Allowed Panama Canal to be built. ► Phillipe Bunau-Varilla negotiates treaty with John Hay. Varilla is French, issue????? Decreased trip from NYC to San Fran by 6,000 miles

25. Test Review aka Homework ► Page 448  1-14 and 18 ► Due Thursday