1. Resource Unit on Post World War II and Beginnings of the Cold War Kevin Hill ED 639

2. Introduction ► This unit is designed for 10 th grade American History. It is intended to cover the opening stages of the Cold War and other important elements of the era, within a two-week frame of time.

3. Introduction ► The late 1940s and 1950s represented a new era in American power and influence. America remained one of the few countries largely unscathed by World War II, and in Europe’s ashes it rose to its greatest prominence. Citizens were ready to enjoy a newfound prosperity and luxury they had not known since before the Great Depression. Confidence and hope for a better future seemed to flow freely.

4. Introduction ► However, this supremacy did not go unchallenged. The Soviet Union was the antithesis to what the western United States and its allies stood for. Opposed on political and economic spectrums, the two super-powers began a decades-long antagonism that permeated into mainstream society. Despite the huge swell of patriotism during World War II, America found itself fearful and suspicious of its own citizens amidst sensational stories of spies such as the Rosenthalls, Alger Hiss, and culminating in the most flamboyant communist witch hunt of the era under the guidance of Joseph McCarthy.

5. Introduction ► In addition, the truth was that prosperity did not extend to all within America. Minority groups remain disenfranchised, and systematic efforts for protest and change received widespread public attention. The post war era may maintain a symbolic and feel-good “Father Knows Best” quality, but the reality of the times was much more dynamic, challenging, and uncertain.

6. Content – Key Terms ► Capitalism ► Communism ► West vs. East ► Yalta Conference ► Atomic Bomb ► GI Bill ► suburbs ► Civil Rights ► Nuclear family ► 38 th Parallel ► Cold War ► NATO ► Boycott ► Sit-in ► Truman Doctrine ► Containment ► McCarthyism ► Warsaw Pact ► Marshall Plan ► Espionage ► Fair Deal ► Berlin Airlift ► Subversive ► HUAC

7. Content – Summary of Material ► Post World War II:  Following the devastation of World War II, the United States and the Soviet Union were the remaining super powers of the world. War-time cooperation quickly faded, as mutual fears of the other’s power and expansion rose. The United States aided in rebuilding western Europe through the Marshall Plan, while the Soviet-occupied eastern European countries received Soviet aid. Soviet blockade of supplies to Berlin led to the “Berlin Airlift”. NATO formed as a counter to Soviet expansion in Europe, and consequent Warsaw Pact formation as a counter to NATO.

8. Content – Summary of Material ► Korean Conflict:  The “Truman Doctrine” and its avocation of containment prompted a United Nations response to the invasion of South Korea by the communist North Korea. Early North Korean success was repulsed by U.S. forces, until the intervention by the Chinese. Subsequently, Allied forces endured several years of stalemate, with an unsatisfying conclusion to the conflict.

9. Content – Summary of Material ► Domestic Communist Threat and McCarthyism:  Soviet spies and sympathizers had been active in the U.S. during World War II. Soviet development of the nuclear bomb was aided by such espionage. Events like the Alger Hiss trial and the conviction and execution of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg raised fears of communist subversion to new heights. Joseph McCarthy rode this wave of paranoia by making blanket accusations based on the shakiest of evidence, if any. Freedom of thought was chilled, and innocent lives were ruined by unfounded charges and guilt by association

10. Content – Summary of Material ► Society:  Following the end of World War II, Americans enjoyed prosperity they had not seen in almost two decades. The image of the nuclear family was ubiquitous. However, the reality was that many groups were unsatisfied. Women often did not find satisfaction in their role as housekeeper and had the recent work experience during World War II to reference in comparison. Black Americans and the Civil Rights movement began to receive national attention after events like the Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1954. Youth culture began identifying themselves through rebellious icons like James Dean, and the advent of rock and roll music.

11. Objectives Through this lesson, students should be able to identify and answer the following questions: ► Explain how the United States rose to pre-eminence in the western world during and following World War II. ► Recognize the roots of Soviet antagonism towards the western world. ► Identify and explain the Marshall Plan. ► Identify the Berlin Airlift. ► Define “Cold War”. ► Explain the significance of the Berlin Wall and Churchill’s “Iron Curtain” speech ► Explain the rise of nuclear arsenals and their repercussions. ► Recognize the philosophical, political, and economic differences between communism and capitalism. ► Summarize the strengths of both the Western allies and Soviet bloc countries. ► Recognize the fall of China. ► Identify and explain aspects of the Korean War. ► Evaluate the Truman Administration. ► Comment on domestic spies and espionage in America. ► Explain the rise of Joseph McCarthy and his eventual fall ► Be able to explain the appeal of Dwight D. Eisenhower

12. Activities ► Day 1: Introduction to theme  Class will watch segments of The Century: America’s Time  Students will be assigned to read the chapter for homework ► Day 2: Guided lecture on administration of Harry S. Truman, and growing tensions between U.S. and USSR in Europe

13. Activities ► Day 3: Lecture on Korean War. Have students form into two groups. Relying on knowledge from class and documents provided to them, have students debate amongst each other the merits and flaws of the policy of containment and its practice in Korea, arguments for escalating the war, etc. ► Day 4: Students will take a quiz on material covered so far

14. Activities ► Day 5: Guided lecture on the Communist segment in American society of the era, Soviet espionage, and the ensuing Red Scare exemplified by McCarthyism. ► Day 6: Cover segments of American society, including popular culture, the Civil Rights movement in the South, gender roles, etc. ► Day 7: Watch Dr. Strangelove in class. Assign students to write a short paper summarizing the major points of the chapter.

15. Activities ► Day 8: Finish watching Dr. Strangelove. ► Day 9: Collect Papers. Conduct “Jeopardy” Review of chapter materials. ► Day 10: Students will take the Unit Exam for the chapter.

16. Evaluation (Sample Test Questions) Multiple Choice: ► 1. The Marshall Plan was an economic aid program to:  A) the American people  B) western Europe  C) the Soviet Union  D) China ► The United States President during the Korean War was:  A) Franklin D. Roosevelt  B) Harry S. Truman  C) Dwight D. Eisenhower  D) Joseph Stalin

17. Evaluation (Sample Test Questions) ► Which of the following was not a reason for Soviet mistrust of America following World War II?  A) America threatened to remove the USSR from the United Nations  B) America had interfered in the Russian Civil War in 1918  C) Russia had taken most of the pressure in World War II and suffered the highest Allied casualties  D) America embraced capitalism while the USSR embraced communism

18. Evaluation (Sample Test Questions) ► Which of the following was not a sign of economic and social prosperity following World War II?  A) The rise of suburban neighborhoods  B) More people could attend college due to the G.I. Bill  C) Previously rare luxuries like televisions and new cars became much more common  D) America had a national deficit from government spending before and during the war ► The Montgomery Bus Boycotts witnessed the rise of influence of what major civil rights figure?  A) Martin Luther King Jr.  B) Malcolm X  C) Jesse Jackson  D) Cesar Chavez

19. Evaluation (Sample Test Questions) True False: ► The Soviet Union built the Berlin Wall because they didn’t want citizens of West Berlin entering East Berlin ► McCarthyism eased American fears of communists within the country Short Essay: ► Explain the course of events that brought the United States and Soviet Union from being allies to confrontational superpowers. ► Give examples and explain the significance of the rise of public fear of Soviet espionage in America.

20. Instructional Resources ► 1. Frankel, Benjamin, ed. The Cold War, 1945-1991 (Detroit: Gale Research, 1992), 3 volumes; v. 1 Leaders and Other Important Figures in the United States and Western Europe; v. 2 Leaders and Other Important Figures in the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, China, and the Third World; v. 3 Resources: Chronology, History, Concepts, Events, Organizations, Bibliography, Archives. This is a highly useful set of references books, which will serve both student and scholar alike ► 2. Hill, Kenneth L., ed. Cold War Chronology : Soviet-American Relations, 1945-1991 (Washington, D.C. : Congressional Quarterly, 1993) 362 pp., index. This book presents a straightforward, annotated chronology of U.S.-Soviet relations from the end of World War II to the end of the Cold War.

21. Instructional Resources ► 3. May, Elaine Tyler. Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era (New York: Basic Books, 1988), 284 pp., illustrations, index. May explores the complex historical reasons why Americans chose to live in suburbanized nuclear families and retain traditional gender roles in the two decades following the Second World War. By combining statistical, economic, and psychological studies with cultural analyses of the period's television, film, and popular science, May argues that the new American family order did two things during the Cold War: first, it defused the potentially revolutionary effects of the vast changes wrought in the very nature of work by the Depression, World War II, and the United States' strong post-war economy; and second, it served to allay the anxieties about personal and national security that characterized Cold War American culture. ► 4. Herken, Gregg. The Winning Weapon: The Atomic Bomb in the Cold War, 1945-1950 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988) 425 pp., index. In commanding detail, Herken describes the powerful, often-perverse influence the atomic bomb played in international relations between the end of World War II and the Korean War. This book is especially good in interpreting the debate over the internationalization of the atom and the domestic context in which that debate was conducted.

22. Instructional Resources ► 5. Carry Me Home: Birmingham Alabama - The Climactic Battle of The Civil Rights Movement by Diane McWhorter. This book is a personal memoir as well as a detailed historical look at the Civil Rights Movement. It chronicles the rise and fall of segregation in one of the most segregated cities in America, Birmingham, Alabama. McWhorter traces the roots of the civil rights movement back to the labor movement and the New Deal. She also offers new revelations about the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church bombings. ► 5. Carry Me Home: Birmingham Alabama - The Climactic Battle of The Civil Rights Movement by Diane McWhorter. This book is a personal memoir as well as a detailed historical look at the Civil Rights Movement. It chronicles the rise and fall of segregation in one of the most segregated cities in America, Birmingham, Alabama. McWhorter traces the roots of the civil rights movement back to the labor movement and the New Deal. She also offers new revelations about the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church bombings. Carry Me Home: Birmingham Alabama - The Climactic Battle of The Civil Rights MovementCarry Me Home: Birmingham Alabama - The Climactic Battle of The Civil Rights Movement

23. Student Resources ► 1. Stokesbury, James. L. A Short History of the Korean War (Quill; Reprint edition (December 1989) 280 pp Reducing an entire war to manageable length is a high literary art form, and Professor Stokesbury has mastered it. In the case of this Korean War history, short does not mean banal condensation or a dismal list of statistics and facts. Rather, Stokesbury begins from scratch and describes and interprets each phase of the war, as he did in his readable and well-known short histories of World Wars I and II. The narrative makes good sense of the infantry's complicated battlefield movements; and his interpretation of the air war is exemplary. The result is a concise but totally independent history that can stand alongside any of the recent crop of new Korean War titles. Raymond L. Puffer, U.S. Air Force History Prog., Los Angeles

24. Student Resources ► 2. Winston Churchill’s “Iron Curtain” Speech ► http://www.hpol.org/churchill/ http://www.hpol.org/churchill/ ► 3. George Marshall on the Marshall Plan: ► http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1947mar shallplan1.html http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1947mar shallplan1.html http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1947mar shallplan1.html ► 4. Truman Doctrine: ► http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1947TR UMAN.html http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1947TR UMAN.html http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1947TR UMAN.html

25. Student Resources ► 5. Daybreak of Freedom: The Montgomery Bus Boycott ► The Montgomery bus boycott was a formative moment in twentieth-century history: a harbinger of the African American freedom movement, a springboard for the leadership of Martin Luther King Jr., and a crucial step in the struggle to realize the American dream of liberty and equality for all. In Daybreak of Freedom, Stewart Burns presents a groundbreaking documentary history of the boycott. Using an extraordinary array of more than one hundred original documents, he crafts a compelling and comprehensive account of this celebrated year-long protest of racial segregation. Daybreak of Freedom reverberates with the voices of those closest to the bus boycott, ranging from King and his inner circle, to Jo Ann Robinson and other women leaders who started the protest, to the maids, cooks, and other 'foot soldiers' who carried out the struggle. With a deft narrative hand and editorial touch, Burns weaves their testimony into a riveting story that shows how events in Montgomery pushed the entire nation to keep faith with its stated principles.

26. Student Resources ► 6. AMERICA IN THE 1950s By Edmund Lindop. Offering a lively and informative overview of one of the most pivotal decades of the 20th century, this wide-ranging history chronicles the major political, social, and cultural events of the 1950s. Chapters discuss the Korean War, McCarthyism, the Eisenhower-Stevenson presidential contests, Brown v. Board of Education and the civil rights movement, Cold War tensions, the changing roles of women, the rise of suburbia, America's automobile culture, television, movies, music, popular culture, art and architecture, and sports. Grades 7 and up. Chronology. Notes. Further reading. Index. 8 x 10. Twenty-First Century. 128 pages. ©2002 http://catalog.socialstudies.com/c/product.html?record@TF35390+s@. XhI7qpdNNkPo http://catalog.socialstudies.com/c/product.html?record@TF35390+s@. XhI7qpdNNkPo http://catalog.socialstudies.com/c/product.html?record@TF35390+s@. XhI7qpdNNkPo

27. Student Resources ► 7. CAUSES OF THE COLD WAR, PART 1: 1946–1960 Simulates the Cold War years as students pose as competing teams of presidential advisers who must choose options to submit to the president as actual historical events and crises occur. Revised. ©2005. ► 8. PowerPoint: 1950s Explores post-WWII America with an emphasis on consumerism, conformity, McCarthyism, new technologies, and popular culture. ► http://catalog.socialstudies.com/c/product.html?record@TF 36007+s@.XhI7qpdNNkPo http://catalog.socialstudies.com/c/product.html?record@TF 36007+s@.XhI7qpdNNkPo http://catalog.socialstudies.com/c/product.html?record@TF 36007+s@.XhI7qpdNNkPo

28. Student Resources ► 9. THE PALGRAVE CONCISE HISTORICAL ATLAS OF THE COLD WAR ► By John Swift. Fifty full-page maps with facing-page articles depict the Cold War in five stages: origins, initial outbreak, the conflict’s height (1950s & 60s), later happenings, and Cold War’s end and aftermath. Finely drawn in shades of green, maps are uncluttered to show only necessary information. Map subjects include Stalin’s foreign policy, Chinese Communist victory, Cuban Missile Crisis, the arms race, detente in the 1970s, Cold War in Africa, and fall of communism in Eastern Europe. Grades 9 and up. Index. Bibliography. 7½" x 9". Palgrave Macmillan. 120 pages. ©2003. ► http://catalog.socialstudies.com/c/product.html?record@TF36912+s@. XhI7qpdNNkPo http://catalog.socialstudies.com/c/product.html?record@TF36912+s@. XhI7qpdNNkPo http://catalog.socialstudies.com/c/product.html?record@TF36912+s@. XhI7qpdNNkPo

29. Student Resources ► 10. COMMUNISM, ESPIONAGE, AND THE COLD WAR Primary sources form the heart of five lessons on Cold War topics. Lessons cover investigating Communism with HUAC and Elizabeth Bentley, the work of Senator Joseph R. McCarthy and rise of McCarthyism, the Verona Project and KGB files, Whitaker Chambers and Alger Hiss, and Julius and Ethel Rosenberg. Includes unit overviews, objectives, standards correlation, and teacher background materials. Grades 9–12. Bibliography. 104 pages. ©2004. ► http://catalog.socialstudies.com/c/product.html?record@TF 37248+s@.XhI7qpdNNkPo http://catalog.socialstudies.com/c/product.html?record@TF 37248+s@.XhI7qpdNNkPo http://catalog.socialstudies.com/c/product.html?record@TF 37248+s@.XhI7qpdNNkPo

30. Multimedia ► (VHS) 1. “Race for the Superbomb”http://www.amazon.com/American- Experience-Race-Superbomb/dp/B00000INZ5 http://www.amazon.com/American- Experience-Race-Superbomb/dp/B00000INZ5http://www.amazon.com/American- Experience-Race-Superbomb/dp/B00000INZ5 2. "Cold War" A 24-part series which deals with the relations between the United States, the Soviet Union and their respective allies between the end of World War II to the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991.  http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0170896/ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0170896/ 3. “Invasion of the Body Snatchers” 1950s B sci-fi movie with frequently cited allegories to communism and/or McCarthyism.

31. Multimedia 4. The Century: America’s Time Expansive TV series, hosted by newsman Jennings, chronicles defining moments, people, and trends of the 20th century. Never-before-seen footage and real-life stories in collectable box-set delights nostalgic viewers, arm-chair historians. 5. THE 1950s: Promoting the American Dream Subjects: family values, the Cold War, Korea, civil rights movement, McCarthyism, the influence of television, rock and roll on stage, the Eisenhower years, religion in America. 85 minutes.  http://catalog.socialstudies.com/c/product.html?record@TF31634+ s@xc90J9VPTVNj6 http://catalog.socialstudies.com/c/product.html?record@TF31634+ s@xc90J9VPTVNj6 http://catalog.socialstudies.com/c/product.html?record@TF31634+ s@xc90J9VPTVNj6

32. Multimedia 6. THE ATOMIC BOMB Main topics: development and testing of the bomb, Potsdam Declaration, Truman's decision, USS Indianapolis tragedy, flights of B-29s Enola Gay and Box Car to Hiroshima and Nagasaki. 25 minutes. ► http://catalog.socialstudies.com/c/product.h tml?record@TF36360+s@xc90J9VPTVNj6 http://catalog.socialstudies.com/c/product.h tml?record@TF36360+s@xc90J9VPTVNj6 http://catalog.socialstudies.com/c/product.h tml?record@TF36360+s@xc90J9VPTVNj6

33. Multimedia ► (DVD) ► 1. Boycott Based on the book Daybreak of Freedom by Stewart Burns, Boycott tells the story of how Rosa Parks’s refusal to give up her seat to a white man on a Montgomery, Alabama, bus inspired an uprising that made history, and made a leader of a young new preacher in town, Martin Luther King, Jr. (played convincingly by Jeffrey Wright). The film brings to life both the racial climate of the 1950s and the people who had the courage to do something about it. DVD special features include director’s commentary, chapter selections, subtitles, audio options, historical background, Web links, and cast and crew bios. Rated PG for thematic material and racist language. Closed captioned. Color and black-and-white. 112 minutes. HBO. ©2001.VC3  http://catalog.socialstudies.com/c/product.html?record@TF35410+s@.XhI 7qpdNNkPo http://catalog.socialstudies.com/c/product.html?record@TF35410+s@.XhI 7qpdNNkPo http://catalog.socialstudies.com/c/product.html?record@TF35410+s@.XhI 7qpdNNkPo

34. Multimedia 2. THE MANCHURIAN CANDIDATE 2. THE MANCHURIAN CANDIDATE Directed by John Frankenheimer. Brainwashed by his communist captors, Raymond Shaw returns to the USA a Korean War hero—with inexplicable night sweats. What dire knowledge is his own mind repressing? Capturing the haunted underside of the 1950s, this classic 1962 film includes a McCarthy-like senator with a list of names, insidious Communist infiltrators posing as respectable American citizens, and democracy subverted by politicians who lie. Based on the novel by Richard Condon. Stars Frank Sinatra, Laurence Harvey, Janet Leigh, and Angela Lansbury. Closed captioned. Black-and-white. 129 minutes. United Artists.  http://catalog.socialstudies.com/c/product.html?record@TF38335+s@xc90 J9VPTVNj6 http://catalog.socialstudies.com/c/product.html?record@TF38335+s@xc90 J9VPTVNj6 http://catalog.socialstudies.com/c/product.html?record@TF38335+s@xc90 J9VPTVNj6

35. Multimedia 3. THE COLLAPSE OF PEACE The aftermath of World War II and the origins of the Cold War. Soviet-American tensions during WWI and Yalta Conference. Truman succeeds Roosevelt as president. Failure of Potsdam and China problems. The Containment Doctrine; the Marshall Plan. Mobilization at home and creation of NATO. American society and politics after the War: GI bill, Fair Deal, Taft-Hartley Labor Act.  http://catalog.socialstudies.com/c/product.html?record @TF37298+s@xc90J9VPTVNj6 http://catalog.socialstudies.com/c/product.html?record @TF37298+s@xc90J9VPTVNj6 http://catalog.socialstudies.com/c/product.html?record @TF37298+s@xc90J9VPTVNj6

36. Multimedia (Book) 1. RED SCARED!—The Commie Menace in Propaganda and Popular Culture By Michael Barson and Steven Heller. Hundreds of movie posters, magazine covers, book jackets, pamphlets, comic strips, handbills, photographs, and newspaper stories vividly recall American views of communism from the October Revolution to the demise of the USSR. The full-color visuals, combined with historically accurate and lucid text, show how political ideology is promoted in everyday life, while double-page timelines within chapters keep readers abreast of unfolding events. Printed on heavy, coated stock for long wear, the book is a valuable resource for world history or media studies. Grades 7 and up. 7½" x 10". Chronicle Books. 160 pages. ©2001  http://catalog.socialstudies.com/c/product.html?record@TF35353+s@xc90 J9VPTVNj6 http://catalog.socialstudies.com/c/product.html?record@TF35353+s@xc90 J9VPTVNj6 http://catalog.socialstudies.com/c/product.html?record@TF35353+s@xc90 J9VPTVNj6

37. Multimedia (Newspaper Front Page) 1. “Army Head Raps M'Carthy-Cohn Tactics” Contemporary Newspaper Front Page during McCarthy tribunal era  http://www.c- span.org/images/special/news04231954b.gif http://www.c- span.org/images/special/news04231954b.gif http://www.c- span.org/images/special/news04231954b.gif

38. Multimedia ► (Posters)  http://www.englishrussia.com/?p=312 http://www.englishrussia.com/?p=312  A website of Soviet Anti-American propaganda posters ► (Audio CD)  1. CD with a collection of Elvis Presley’s 1950 rock and roll music sensation.  http://shop.elvis.com.au/category71_1.htm http://shop.elvis.com.au/category71_1.htm ► (Online-Video) 1. “Duck and Cover” Video  http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=- 1528313029232126903 http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=- 1528313029232126903 http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=- 1528313029232126903

39. Multimedia ► (LaserDisc) 1. “Dr. StrangeLove” Classic satire on the atomic bomb and nature of the Cold War.  http://www.bizrate.com/comedydvds_videos/dr.-strangelove-vhs- laserdisc-dvd--pid2004882/information.html http://www.bizrate.com/comedydvds_videos/dr.-strangelove-vhs- laserdisc-dvd--pid2004882/information.html http://www.bizrate.com/comedydvds_videos/dr.-strangelove-vhs- laserdisc-dvd--pid2004882/information.html ► (Maps)  1. Map of Divided Berlin ► http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/art-54542 http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/art-54542  2. Map of Europe ► http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/art-55228 http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/art-55228  3. Map and Progression of the Korean War ► http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/korea.htm http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/korea.htm

40. Multimedia ► (CD Software) 1. THE COLD WAR: Decisions, Decisions Designed to illuminate the foreign policy issues, ideological conflict, and military initiatives of the Cold War era, this simulation's plot incorporates actual historical incidents to teach students about the delicate task of diplomacy in the nuclear era. Users assume the role of the elected president of Libros, the world's preeminent democracy, and must deal with a rapidly brewing crisis in Strato, one of Libros's key allies: Tora, Libros's communist rival, may be supporting rebels who wish to take over the country. Four trusted confidants (the secretaries of State and Defense, Chief of Staff, and campaign manager) offer advice on how best to support Strato, avoid a major conflict with Tora, and maintain popularity at home in order to insure reelection. The simulation comes with 28 student booklets and a comprehensive teacher's guide with reproducible worksheets. Grades 5–12. Tom Snyder. ©1997.  http://catalog.socialstudies.com/c/product.html?record@TF22609+s@.XhI 7qpdNNkPo http://catalog.socialstudies.com/c/product.html?record@TF22609+s@.XhI 7qpdNNkPo http://catalog.socialstudies.com/c/product.html?record@TF22609+s@.XhI 7qpdNNkPo

41. Multimedia ► 2. AMERICAN HISTORY PICTUREPACKS Each of these unique pictorial collections on CD-ROM contains 130–290 images that spotlight events, people, places, and trends in United States history. Each collection covers the major highlights of a specific time period, and includes an engaging full-screen image to illustrate the article. Topics include political events, wars and conflict, immigration, inventions, exploration, social and cultural trends, farming and manufacturing changes, and more. Users can access drawings, paintings, chromolithographs, maps, photographs, and other images through their Web browser, allowing them to quickly flip through the images and explanatory text. The program also facilitates the transport of images to PowerPoint presentations, Microsoft Word documents, and other programs. Grades 6 and up. Instructional Resources Corporation. ©2001. http://catalog.socialstudies.com/c/product.html?record@TF33491+s@.XhI7qpd NNkPo http://catalog.socialstudies.com/c/product.html?record@TF33491+s@.XhI7qpd NNkPo http://catalog.socialstudies.com/c/product.html?record@TF33491+s@.XhI7qpd NNkPo