2. Zoe Chan Esther Chung Ivy Law

3. a group of many different diseases that generally all affect cells The spread of cancer is called metastasis cells keep dividing, and form too much tissue. Excess tissue can form a mass called a tumor, and this mass can be either benign or malignant tumor.

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5. ~They are not cancer ~They can be removed. ~The cells do not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body.

6. ~~They are cancer. ~~The cancer cells divide out of control. ~~They can invade and destroy nearby healthy tissue or organ. ~~Cancer cells can break away from the tumor enter the bloodstream and lymphatic system,, then form new tumors in other organs. ~~This is how cancer spreads from the original or primary tumor to form new tumors in other parts of the body.

7. What is carcinogen? ~They are a substance that causes cancer. ~There are many substances contain carcinogen such food and drug.

8. ﹟ Chemicals ﹟ Diet ﹟ Ionizing radiation ﹟ Radiation ﹟ Other type of carcinogen such as tobacco.

9. 1~Polycyclic hydrocarbon 2~Artificial colorings 3~Nitrites 4~ Hydrogen peroxide

10. Diet 1~A high-fat diet 2~Heavy drinks of alcohol

11. Ionizing radiation and radiation 1~Ionizing radiation 2~Radiation ＊ X-ray ＊ gamma ray ＊ ultra-violet

12. Other types of carcinogen ★ tobacca ★ Viruses

13. 1.Lung cancer 2.Breast cancer 3.Oral cancer 4.Skin cancer 5.Nasopharyngeal cancer

14. Lung cancer 1~ non-small cell lung cancer 2~small cell lung cancer ※ It is more common ※ generally grows and spreads more slowly ※ It sometimes called oat cell cancer ※ It is less common ※ It grows more quickly ※ more likely to spread to other organs

15. Causes of lung cancer §Cigarettes §Cigars and pipes §Environmental Tobacco Smoke §Pollution

16. Ductal carcinoma,Lobular carcinoma When breast cancer spread outside cancer cell often found in lypmh node under arm cancer cell have spread to other parts of body (e.g. bone, liver) via the lymphatic system or the bloodstream When breast cancer spreads, it is called metastatic breast cancer

19. Almost all oral cancer are squamous carcinomas Spreads through the lymphatic system, carried along by lymph to other parts of the body Causes: 1.tobacco 2.alcohol

22. Skin Cancer Basal cell carcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma 2 common kinds

23. Skin cancers need to be detected early and treated They can invade and destroy nearby tissue

24. Cause Ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun Artificial sources of UV radiation, such as sunlamps and tanning booths Protection of the skin from the sun should start at childhood to prevent skin cancer later in life.

25. Nasopharyngeal Cancer (NPC) A cancer which develops in the nasopharynx (area in the back of the nose and upper throat )

26. Malignant tumor (NPC) most common type three subtypes of NPC - keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma non-keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma undifferentiated carcinoma

27. What causes NPC? Not known Associated with certain dietary habits e.g.Eating a diet high in salt-cured fish and meat

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30. How is Cancer Treated? Four major types : Surgery Radiation Chemotherapy Biologic therapies Also hormone therapies such as tamoxifen and transplant options such as those done with bone marrow.

31. Prevention of cancer Good health 1.Include fruit in your diet 2.Limit alcohol 3.Maintain a healthy body weight

32. Include fruit in your diet Diets high in vegetables and fruits decrease the risk of many other cancers. Good for overall health, they are low in energy and a good source of fibre, vitamins and minerals. In most cases, better eat the skin of fruit which is full of vitamins and fibre.

33. Limit alcohol High alcohol consumption increases the risk of developing bowel cancer. It linked to cancers of the mouth, pharynx, larynx, oesophagus, liver and breast. Alcohol is high in energy (kJ) so drinking too much can also make it harder to manage your body weight.

34. Maintain a healthy body weight Find time for regular physical activity;eat more vegetables, fruit and less fat ; reduce your alcohol intake Reduces the risk of developing cancer and many other diseases Doing regular exercise can also helps people to: Feel better Be more relaxed Sleep better