1. Prenatal Period to 1 year Chapter 6

2. What are the two main factors that influence growth and development? A.Stress and Family B.Environment and Stress C.Environment and Heredity D.Heredity and Gender

3. Heredity: Zygote formation Sperm & ovum – 23 chromosomes  – Zygote Gender – X & Y Chromosomes Ovum – Always X Sperm – X or Y

4. Dominant & Recessive Genes Dominant Capable of expressing traits over other genes Recessive Traits only appear if they exist in pairs

5. Recessive disorders >700 recessive gene diseases – Sickle-cell disease – Tay-Sachs disease – Hemophilia

6. Environment “From the moment life begins, the environment begins to exercise its influence on the newly formed entity.”

7. For you personally, when does life begin? A.Conception B.Implantation C.When there is a heart beat D.When the fetus is viable if it was born E.When the baby is born

8. Healthy Pregnancy Rest Exercise – Continue

9. What is the best form of exercise for a pregnant women? A.Bicycling B.Walking C.Swimming D.Jogging E.Kick-boxing

10. Teratogens Tobacco – Low birth rates – Growth restrictions

11. Teratogens Alcohol – *1 st trimester – Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) – Miscarriages – Growth restriction – CNS damage

12. Teratogens Bacteria, protozoan, viruses – Rubella Toxoplasmosis – Parasite – Eat well-cooked meat

13. Ova to Fetus Ovaries – Ova (pl) – Ovum (sing) Ovulation Sperm Conception/ Fertilization Zygote Implantation Embryo Fetus

14. What is the estimated length of human pregnancy? A.28 weeks B.38 weeks C.40 weeks D.42 weeks E.48 weeks

15. Stages of Labor & Delivery Stage 1 – Dilation Dilation Effacement Stage 2 – Expulsion After-brith – placenta

16. Fetal membranes Amniotic sac Amniotic fluid Placenta Umbilical cord – 2 arteries – 1 vein

17. Neonate 1 st breath Apgar score – 1 minute – 5 minutes

18. APGAR Activity Pulse Grimace Appearance Respiration activity and muscle tone pulse grimace response / reflex irritability") Appearance / skin coloration respiration

19. What is the highest score a neonate can get on a Apgar score? A.2 B.3 C.10 D.12 E.15

20. Head & Skull Head ¼ of total body length Ave circumference – 13-14 inch – 33-35.5 cm – 1 inch > chest

21. Skull 6 bones – 1 occipital – 1 frontal – 2 parietal – 2 temporal Separated by cartilage – Sutures Fontanels – Anterior – Posterior

22. Which fontanel is smaller? A.Anterior B.Posterior

23. When does the posterior fontanel “close” by? A.2 months B.4 months C.6 months D.8 months E.12 months or more

24. When does the anterior fontanel usually “close” by? A.6 months B.12 months C.18 months D.2 years E.3 years

25. What is the normal lengths of a full- term neonate? A.12 inches B.18 inches C.20 inches D.24 inches E.36 inches

26. How much does a normal infant grow in the first year? A.½ inch a month B.1 inch a month C.1 ½ inch a month D.2 inch a month E.2 ½ inch a month

27. Normal Physiological Weigh Loss. How much weight on average does a neonate loss in the first few days of life? A.5-10 % of birth weight B.15-20% of birth weight C.25 – 30% of birth weight D.There is no such thing as normal physiological weight loss in a neonate

28. Skin Thin & pale Acrocyanosis Pigmentation

29. Mongolian Spot Usually fads by… – Age 4 years 6 month old

30. Lanugo

31. Vernix Cascosa

32. Milia

33. Physiological Jaundice

34. Genitals Breasts – Swollen

35. Genitals Scrotum – Lg & edematous

36. What is the medical term for undescended testicles? No – this is not multiple choice! Turn to your neighbor and tell them the answer.

37. Cryptorchidism Undescended testicle/s

38. Cryptorchidism The testes develop in the abdominal cavity in early fetal life. By 14 to 17 weeks of intrauterine life they migrate to an opening in the body wall known as the inguinal canal. After 28 weeks they pass through the canal and by 35 to 40 weeks reach the scrotum.

39. Undescended testicles are fairly common in premature infants. They occur in about 3 - 4% of full-term infants. In most cases the testicles descend by the time the child is 9 months old.

40. Increased risk of – Testicular cancer – Infertility

41. Genital Urethra Circumcisions

42. Pseudomenstruation Blood-tinged vaginal discharge

43. Face Eyes swollen

44. Eye treatment – Erythromycin – Silver nitrate

45. When do baby teeth start to come in? A.2 months B.4 months C.6 months D.8 months E.12 months Deciduous teeth

46. Which teeth normally erupt first? A.Two lower central incisors B.Two upper central incisors C.Two lower lateral incisors D.Two upper lateral incisors

47. By age 12 months the baby will have 6- 8 teeth

48. Abdomen Neonate – Lg and flabby Umbilical cord – Cut – Clamped – Falls off – No tub bathing until…

49. Abdomen Digestion – Simple carbs Stomach can hole – Neonate 1-3 oz – 12 months 10 – 12 oz

50. Why do you have to “burp” the neonate? Cardiac sphincter

51. Bowel movement Stool Feces Meconium – Duration 1-2 days – Characteristics Green-black Tarry Odorless

52. Bowel movement, Stool or Feces Formula Fed Pasty yellow or tan Odor Breastfed Mustard seed color Sweet odor

53. Extremities Short Flexed Finger/sole prints Nurses – ROM – Gluteal folds

54. Gluteal fold assymetry

55. Neurological Characteristics Newborns – Reflexes – Posture – Movement – Muscle tone

56. Protective reflexes Blinking Sneezing Swallowing gag

57. Moro / Startle Reflex Sudden movement  Extension & Adduction of extremities Disappears – 3-4 months

58. Tonic Neck Reflex Turn head to one side  extend arm and leg on that side Disappears – 5 months

59. Rooting reflex Stroke cheek  enfant turns toward that side and open mouth Disappears – 4-6 months

60. Sucking Reflex Sucking movement when anything touches their lips Diminishes – 6 months

61. Babinski When sole is stroked  hyper-extened & fan out toes & big toe turns up Disappears – 3 months

62. Palmar grasp Grasp anything placed in hand Appears – 6 wks Disappears – 3 months

63. Spinal Bifida

64. Vision Newborn – Primative – Nystagmus 4 months – Binocular vision 6 months – 20/100 – Depth perception

65. Hearing 6 wks – Recognize mom and turn to respond 1 year – ID sounds and source

66. Touch Birth – Face – Hands and soles 1 yr – Withdrawal – Recognize source

67. Vital Signs - Newborn Temp – Initially low – Stabilized 97.7 -99.5 Axillary Pulse – 120 – 160 / min – Apical BP – 64 / 40 Resp – 30 – 60 / min – Irregular – apnea

68. Motor Development Neonate – Purposeless – uncoordinated

69. Gross motor skills 2 months – Control head 4 months – Sit with support – Roll belly to back 6 months – Roll both ways 8 months – Sits alone 10 months – Laying to sitting – Creep 11 months – Pulls self up 12 months – walks

70. Fine motor skills Neonate – Grasp reflex 5 months – Purposeful reaching 6 months – Hold bottle 7 months – Hand preference – Pincer grasp 9 – Cup – Spoon 12 months – Scribble – Tower – two blocks

71. Psychosocial Development: What theorist are we going to discuss? A.Freud B.Erikson C.Paiget D.Kohlberg E.Maslow

72. What stage of psychosocial development is a neonate? A.Autonomy B.Trust C.Initiative D.Industry E.Identity

73. Parent-child relationship AttachmentEngrossment

74. Parent guidance / discipline 0-6 months – Distraction 6-12 months – More direct discipline

75. Cognitive development: Who’s theory are we going to be applying? A.Freud B.Erikson C.Paiget D.Kohlberg E.Maslow

76. What stage of cognitive development is an infant? A.Preoperational B.Concrete operational C.Sensorimotor D.Formal operational

77. Moral Development Neonate – No conscience – !00% ID

78. Communication: What “name” or word to baby’s say first (usually) A.MaMa B.DaDa

79. Communication Birth – Crying 2 months – Smile – Coo 4-6 months – Babbling 8 months – Dada 10 months – Mama 12 months – 4-6 words

80. Nutrition

81. Sleep & Rest

82. Play

83. Safety: Aspiration Avoid small objects Age aprop toys

84. Baby harm Sharp objects Heavy objects Animals Shaken baby syndrome

85. Burns Check water temps Smoke detectors Handles of pans in Cover electrical outlets

86. Drowning Bathtub never alone

87. Falls Mattress lowest position – firm Infant seat with restraint Infant seat on the ground Safe gaits – Slide – Not accordion

88. Poisoning Lead paint Plants Safety locks Medicine CO monitor

89. MVA Read facing car seat 12 months