1. Strict & Loose Interpretation of the U.S. Constitution
Different opinions or points of view about what portions of the Constitution really mean [ex. Right to bear arms is absolute or limited].
yes no
Strict interpretation
Loose interpretation
“the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed”
--2nd Amendment

2. Judiciary Act of 1789
Law passed by Congress that created a federal court system including U.S. District Courts, Appeals Courts and Supreme Court.
Judges are appointed by the president and approved by the U.S. Senate.

3. Hamilton’s Economic Plan
Alexander Hamilton was the Secretary of the Treasury [person in charge of America’s money].
His plan wanted to start a national bank to: [a] borrow money from foreign countries [b] collect taxes placed on whiskey and imports [c] pay off debts from the Revolution.

4. Laissez faire The French term for Let it be or Leave alone.
Describes the idea that governments should leave businesses and citizens alone. Not pass too many laws interfering in peoples’ lives.
Leaders in the early United States believed a non-interventionist federal government with limited regulations on commerce would benefit the economy.

5. Bill of Rights First 10 Amendments to the U.S. Constitution.
Including the rights and freedoms of all U.S. citizens. Such as freedom of speech, religion and the right to bear arms.
These basic civil liberties provided the foundation for the democratic republic established in the United States.

6. Whiskey Rebellion
Makers of whiskey in the U.S. refused to pay a tax placed on the manufacture of Whiskey in 1791.
Makers of whiskey terrorized tax collectors, stopped court proceedings and robbed U.S. Mail as a way to protest the tax.

7. Democratic-Republican Party
Political party created by Thomas Jefferson in order to speak out against the Federalists.
The Democratic-Republicans wanted to keep strong state governments.

8. Federalist Party
Group of American colonists led by Alexander Hamilton who wanted to create a strong central government that united all 13 original states under one set of laws.

9. Alien & Sedition Acts Alien-person who is not a citizen of a country.
Sedition-the act of betraying your country.
Two laws passed by Congress to make it harder for aliens to become citizens or criticize the U.S. government.

10. Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions
Laws passed by the lawmakers of Virginia and Kentucky giving them power to ignore or reverse laws passed by the federal government.
These were passed to try to circumvent or “get around” the Alien and Sedition Acts.
Neither of these laws were successful.

11. Midnight Judges
Judges selected by outgoing president John Adams the midnight before he left his job as U.S. President.
Many of these judges did not receive their jobs because the new president [Thomas Jefferson] did not want them.

12. Election of 1800
Presidential election between 3 candidates: Jefferson, Burr and John Adams.
None of the candidates received 51% of the citizens’ votes so the House of Representatives selected the president.
Thomas Jefferson was chosen as president after the decisive vote in the U.S. House of Representatives.

13. Marbury vs.Madison [1803]
Landmark U.S. Supreme Court case that gave the Court the power to reverse lower court decisions or declare laws unconstitutional.
Chief Justice John Marshall issued this influential ruling.

14. John Marshall
First Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court who wrote many important decisions that influenced American Jurisprudence [legal decisions].
Marshall was most well known for his rulings in the Marbury vs. Madison, Gibbons vs. Ogden and McCulloch vs. Maryland cases.

15. Louisiana Purchase
Land deal completed by President Jefferson that more than doubled the size of the United States.
The Louisiana territory was bought from France.
This land acquisition was the beginning of the United States’ Manifest Destiny policy of Westward Expansion.

16. Hartford Convention
Meeting held in Connecticut to create amendments to the U.S. Constitution to increase the power of New England states because they were not in favor of the War of 1812.

17. Suffrage Requirements
Suffrage is the term used to describe voting.
Suffrage=voting!
In the early United States only wealthy landowners were permitted to vote.
Citizens had to own large tracts of land to be able to vote in important elections.
People such as George Washington and Thomas Jefferson were such people.

18. Abigail Adams and Women’s Rights
Mrs. Adams was the wife of president John Adams.
She was an influential and vocal advocate [defender/supporter] of women’s rights.
She believed women should have full suffrage rights and should not follow the strict rules of their husbands.

19. Westward Expansion
After Jefferson became president he wanted to expand the United States.
He was able to negotiate the Louisiana Purchase from France for several million dollars.
In the way [as an obstruction] of settling the area were large numbers of Native tribes [at that time called Indians].
The tribes were all separate but decided to eventually unite to fight the Americans.

20. Tecumseh
A Shawnee chief named Tecumseh was clever enough to convince the different tribes to unite.
The tribes united into a strong enough force that they were able to win many battles and gain American respect.
The United States did not want to continuously face such large forces so it signed the Treaty of Greenville which gave the tribes a yearly payment of $10,000 in exchange for land in Ohio and Indiana.

21. The War of 1812 Causes of the War
This war was AKA the Anglo-American War of
This was a 3-year war between the U.S. and England
James Madison was president during the War of 1812.
The U.S. was able to defeat England for several reasons: [a] England was far from home [b] England was fighting France too [c] America was more determined.
Causes of the War
[1] England was capturing and impressing American sailors.
[2] England was mad that the U.S. stopped trading/embargoed with them Non-Intercourse Act.
[3] The U.S. War Hawks provoked the U.S. into wanting to go to war.
[4] Americans believed Native-Americans were attacking them because England was bribing them.

22. Washington’s Proclamation of Neutrality
In 1793 the United States was a very new country.
France had previously been a loyal ally for the U.S. as they defeated the British.
In 1793 France needed America’s help but Washington warned the U.S. against getting involved in other country’s affairs.
Washington believed the United States should remain neutral. Anther word for neutral is impartial.

23. Jay’s Treaty
Even though the United States had defeated the British to gain its independence the British kept secret forts on U.S. soil.
President Washington sent John Jay [the Secretary of State] to England to negotiate and avoid a war.
The agreement settled on was not very favorable for America because England still had power to control the sea near the U.S. [Jay was accused of being pro-British].
England gave up its American forts and granted the U.S. most favored nation status meaning it would receive the best prices on goods.

24. The XYZ Affair
After Jay’s Treaty the Americans were worried about a war with France so Washington sent three of his advisers to France.
While the Americans were in France they were approached by 3 “shady” characters who asked them for a bribe of $250,000 plus a loan for $12 million. In exchange, the French agents would allow them to speak to their government.
The bribe was refused and the U.S. Navy began to seize French ships that were in U.S. waters.

25. Pinckney’s Treaty
After Jay’s treaty with England, Spain and France were nervous America would try to take their territories in North America.
President Washington sent Thomas Pinckney to Spain to negotiate and avoid a war.
Pinckney negotiated the right of the U.S. to use rivers through Spanish and French territory.

26. George Washington’s Farewell Address
Address is a fancy word for speech. Address=speech.
Before George left the White House as president he warned the nation to avoid: [a] sectionalism [North vs. South, East vs. West [b] political parties [federalists vs. anti-federalists] [c] relations with foreign nations [trusting foreign countries].

27. Convention of 1800
During the 1790s lots of turmoil was occurring in the U.S. [Whiskey Rebellion, XYZ Affair, Alien and Sedition Acts]
Three well known candidates were running for president: Adams, Jefferson and Burr.
None of them were very liked. No candidate received 51% of the popular vote [citizens’ vote]. The election was decided by the U.S. House of Representatives. Thomas Jefferson was selected as president.

28. Embargo Act of 1807
Lots of tension between the United States and European countries [England and France] especially in trading goods using ships.
To avoid retaliating against England and France using military force the United States decided to halt commerce [stop buying and selling goods] with European countries.
This got Europe’s attention but it hurt American businesses such as farmers because they had fewer customers to sell to.

29. The War Hawks
During the early 1800s England was very aggressive with its ships and was seizing U.S. ships.
The Embargo Act was making European countries upset. Jefferson had Congress pass an even stricter law called the Non-Intercourse Act that forbade American trade with Europe.
The War Hawks wanted the U.S. to declare war on England to make it clear we were capable of protecting ourselves.

30. The Battle of New Orleans
This was the last major battle of the War of 1812.
General Jackson was the leader of U.S. Forces.
The U.S. was able to prevent the British from taking over the land obtained by the Louisiana Purchase.

31. Treaty of Ghent
At the end of the War of 1812 England and the United States signed the Treaty of Ghent.
America was considered a world power after 1812 because they had defeated another great world power.

32. Adams-Onis Treaty
Seminole tribes were raiding towns in Georgia and Alabama and threatening the lives of Americans.
General Andrew Jackson’s army was able to destroy several Seminole villages in Spanish Florida.
Spain signed an agreement ceding [giving] control of all of Florida and parts of Southern Georgia, Alabama and Louisiana to the U.S.

33. Impressment
Both before and during the War of 1812 British warships were in serious need of personnel to man their ships.
Whenever British warships captured foreign sea vessels the captives [especially Americans] were impressed.
The purpose of impressment was to embarrass the captives and staff the British warships so they were able to carry out their missions.

34. Lewis and Clark
Meriwether Lewis and William Clark were two U.S. Army officers commissioned by President Thomas Jefferson to explore the land acquired by the Louisiana Purchase and beyond [West of Mississippi River].
Their expedition took 3 years and took them from Illinois to present day Oregon.
The explorers collected scientific data, discovered water routes and mapped the entire territory.

35. Missouri Compromise
This was a controversial agreement in the U.S. Congress allowing the new state of Missouri admittance into the United States as a slave state.
Southern states wanted this to happen because they believed it would allow slavery to remain legal.
Northern states, who were anti-slavery, such as New York fought against Missouri’s admittance.
The Missouri compromise was struck to allow Missouri citizens to own slaves if Maine was admitted without slaves.

36. Indian Removal Act of 1830
Law passed by Congress and supported by President Andrew Jackson to relocate Native Tribes from Southern territories to the Great Plains.
Areas vacated: were Florida, North and South Carolina, Georgia and Alabama.
Areas relocated to: Oklahoma, Nebraska, Iowa, North/South Dakota.
The relocations were involuntary and the “Indians” were placed on reservations instead of their homelands.
The Cherokee nation sued for its land rights in the Worcester vs. Georgia court case but Jackson refused to honor the decision giving land rights back.

37. Trail of Tears
After the forced relocation of the Cherokee nation and other tribes due to the Indian Removal Act many Native Tribes tried to resist the relocation but they were outnumbered and outgunned by the U.S. Military.
The route that the natives traveled were filled with sadness, misery, tears and uncertainty.

38. Sequoyah
An important Cherokee nation member who admired the writing system of whites.
He became a silversmith and businessman.
His most important contribution to the Cherokee nation was his creation of a written language.
The Cherokee language was very linguistically complicated so he decided to create symbols for each syllable instead of each letter.
His writing system was responsible for increasing the literacy rates of the entire Cherokee Nation.

39. The Alamo and Texan conflicts in Mexico
In the early to mid 1800s Mexico wanted Americans to migrate to Mexico to develop the land and bring residents to the area.
The Americans came and were led by Stephen F. Austin who later became upset at the high level of taxes charged by Mexico.
Americans rebelled and were crushed at an old Spanish Fort named the Alamo where every American was killed by the Mexican army.

40. Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842
During the 1700s and 1800s there were border disputes between the British and French. Later on the disputes were between the Americans and France.
Thousands of Native Americans also lived in these territories which made the conflicts trickier because more people meant more potential bloodshed.
In 1842 the Webster-Ashburton Treaty created a permanent border between Lake Superior and Maine, U.S./New Brunswick, Canada.

41. Oregon Trail
The Oregon Trail was an over 2,000 mile land route [traveled road] starting in Missouri and ending in present day Oregon.
It was started in certain sections/parts by men trading animal furs and was later completed/used by Mormon religious pilgrims.
The terrain [land surface] was rough, hilly, mountainous and occupied by hostile native tribes. Thousands of people died along the route for reasons such as disease, starvation and “Indian attacks.”

42. 54º40’ or Fight!
The dispute [argument] over the border between Oregon and Canada caused a lot of concern in the U.S. Government.
Because the U.S. wanted to expand it was willing to fight to gain property rights to the Pacific Northwest.
At first England and the U.S. agreed to share the territory but the term 54º40’ or Fight! refers to Americans willing to fight for the land at a specific geographic point.
A treaty signed later settled the dispute and an official border was accepted by both nations [England and U.S.].

43. Election of 1844
The presidential election of 1844 was one the closest in U.S. History [decided by less than 10,000 votes].
The election was so close because disputes over borders with Canada and Mexico.
James Polk was in favor of peaceful settlements. War hawk Henry Clay was in favor of fighting to end the disputes if necessary. Polk won the election.
James K. Polk
Henry Clay

44. Texas Annexation
Stephen F. Austin and the Texans had defeated the Mexican Army led by Mexican General Santa Anna in several battles in and near Mexico.
For 6 years ( ) Austin served as the leader of the Republic of Texas. This territory was not recognized by Mexico.
In 1845 the United States annexed [took in] Texas as the 28th state. Mexico was furious about this and this led to a war between the U.S. and Mexico from

45. Wilmot Proviso
Congressman David Wilmot from Pennsylvania proposed an amendment to a federal law banning slavery in any territory the United States captured from Mexico.
This was similar to the situation dealing with the Missouri Compromise.
Southern states were concerned banning slavery anywhere would lead to banning slavery everywhere.
The Wilmot proviso was not ultimately passed.

46. Mexican War, the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo and Mexican cession
After the United States annexed Texas Mexico was furious and declared war in 1846 to regain the territory.
Because the U.S. had a more powerful army with more effective weapons it was able to defeat Mexico within 3 years by 1849.
The Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo was eventually signed ending the war. Mexico ceded [gave up, transferred] California, Arizona, Nevada, Utah and New Mexico to the U.S. for $18 million.

47. 49ers
The Mexican cession of California gave citizens an opportunity to start new communities. Thousands of people headed to Western territories in the United States.
Prospectors discovered gold in Northern California in News spread to other parts of the U.S. American men from all over the U.S. rushed to California; they were called 49ers [because of the year].
The mad scramble was called the Gold Rush of Boomtowns sprang up all over where people discovered gold.

48. Gadsden Purchase
The Transcontinental Railroad had been spreading across the United States.
Because of bad geography [poor soil conditions] the U.S. decided to buy land South of New Mexico and Arizona.
The sale of the land in this area by the U.S. for $10 million from Mexico was called the Gadsden Purchase.

49. Noah Webster
Many people consider Webster the father of the modern American English language.
He developed alphabetical word lists, in book form, showing pictures, spelling, definitions and pronunciations.
Webster’s dictionary expanded the scope of literacy across the U.S.
School children used these resources to guide reading and learning.

50. Neoclassical Architecture
The type of building architecture that was widely used throughout the United States and Europe is called Neoclassical Architecture.
It was based on ancient Rome and Greece to demonstrate power and progress. Large columns, straight lines and domed roofs were common characteristics.
The point of this ornate style to was show how advanced the United States was during the late 1800s and early 1900s.

51. The Knickerbocker School
During the early 1800s a group of writers in New York authored several famous novels [Legend of Sleepy Hollow] and poem collections.
These men also wrote well respected historical novels [Last of the Mohicans] about important, significant events in U.S. History.
Washington Irving’s pen name was Dietrich “Knickerbocker” which is partially why the group got its name.
These American authors were well respected and their books were read all over Europe because of engaging, exciting and interesting nature of the story lines in their novels.
Washington Irving
James Fennimore Cooper

52. Hudson River School
The Hudson River School was a style of painting that focused on natural landscapes.
Natural scenes such as valleys, rivers, farms, hills and forests were painted by Hudson River School artists.
The point of the style was to emphasize the importance, beauty, value and wonder of the natural environment in its natural state.
The amazing images served to provide an awareness of the United States’ natural resources.

53. Transcendentalism [Transcend=Change]
American writers such as Emerson and Thoreau wrote about how important it was to develop your own opinions based on life experience.
These writers did not believe people should just blindly believe the teachings of Christian churches. They should decide what was right and wrong on their own. The point was to change one’s thought process.
Through experiencing life you could decide for yourself. Both men traveled across the United States to experience life’s diversity.
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Henry David Thoreau

54. Famous American Authors
A writing style that was popular in the mid 1800s was romanticism. The style focused on human emotion. The goal of the authors was to make a reader feel [ex: happy, sad, fear, anger, awe].
Edgar Allan Poe’s stories were considered dark because they focused on drug use, horror, murder, crime, death and disease. [Poe’s writings included The Raven, The Tell Tale Heart, The Black Cat]
Nathaniel Hawthorne’s stories mostly focused on sin, lust, seduction and guilt. [Hawthorne’s writings included The Scarlet Letter, The House of the Seven Gables, Rappacini’s Daughter]
Edgar Allan Poe
Nathaniel Hawthorne

55. Alexis de Tocqueville
Frenchman who visited the United States to learn about its prison system.
He loved the fact that many citizens had property rights and vast freedoms.
He hated slavery and correctly predicted it would cause problems between the North and South.
He wrote a book called Democracy in America describing what he learned in the U.S.
de Tocqueville’s critiques were closely analyzed by American government officials.

56. The Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution may be best described as the change in the way businesses manufactured products.
Instead of making things one item at a time by skilled craftsman factories and machinery made products.
Northern states became industrial.
Southern states remained agricultural.

57. Industrialization: Some Examples
Eli Whitney-Invented and patented a machine that separated cotton seeds from cotton plants. Made it easier and faster to turn cotton into textiles. Removed the need for human labor [slaves].
John Deere-Invented a steel plow and other devices to mechanize farming further decreasing reliance on human labor [slaves].
Cyrus McCormick-Invented a mechanical reaper to harvest crops without the need of human labor [slaves].
All of these inventions completely changed the Cotton Kingdom of the South
The slave system was forever changed because machines did the jobs once performed by human beings.

58. The Northern Advantages
Samuel Morse invented a signaling code [language] that became uniform [fit for everyone].
The code was used for the telegraph which was a machine used to transmit messages through the airwaves.
Businesses in the North used this to communicate [used later on in the Civil War].

59. The Northern Advantages
Robert Fulton-invented and successfully sold a steam powered boat.
Trade and travel was transformed from wind power [depending on weather] to coal power [controlled by people].
People could be transported more easily and faster [this was beneficial to the economy].
The Erie Canal was a manmade water way created to transport goods between Canada and the U.S. [steamboats were the primary method of travel].

60. The Era of Good Feelings
The time period immediately following the War of 1812 was called the Era of Good Feelings by a Boston newspaper.
James Monroe, the new president, was uniting the nation under one political party [the Republicans] and trying to expand the country’s borders.
Because there was little partisan fighting [arguing between political parties] the country was able to move forward and succeed politically.
Unfortunately the good feelings did not last very long.

61. Monroe Doctrine
Monroe’s Secretary of State [advisor in charge of contact with foreign countries] created a plan to bring greater security to the United States.
The Monroe Doctrine did not allow foreign countries such as England, France and Spain to control any land near the United States as colonies.
The United States would control the Western Hemisphere.

62. Panic of 1819 All good things usually come to an end.
So did the Era of Good Feelings
The National Bank set up by Hamilton under his plan had expired and no longer existed.
Individual states had set up banks that were lending money to people who were not repaying.
The amount of money the federal government had in circulation was limited.
Prices on goods started to rise uncontrollably and financial panic set in.
The U.S. Government settled the economy down by issuing large amounts of specie [silver and gold coins] to bring real value and strength to the economy.

63. McCulloch vs. Maryland
The U.S. government created another national bank so it could collect taxes, issue currency, borrow money and lend money.
States were angry they had to compete with the federal government so they decided to tax the national bank.
Can states tax the federal government?
This conflict ended up in court. The U.S. Supreme Court decided that: [A] Congress indeed had the power to create banks [B] States had no power to tax the federal government.

64. Gibbons vs. Ogden
This U.S. Supreme Court case was similar to the McCulloch case because it dealt with interstate commerce and conflict between the states and federal government
The decision ruled that whenever conflicts between a state and national government arose the national government was superior.

65. Election of 1824
Corrupt bargain of 1824 was the deal to allow John Quincy Adams to become president of the United States.
During this election no one received 51% of the popular vote. When that happens who selects the president?
The House of Representatives! Henry Clay, the House Speaker, steered votes Adams’ way in exchange for being made Secretary of State.
Henry Clay believed the job would get him closer to becoming the next president.

66. Jacksonian Democracy
Style of government that included more of the common types of people instead of mostly wealthy and highly educated people.
BELIEVED IN UNIVERSAL WHITE MANHOOD SUFFRAGE
Manifest Destiny-expanding the territory of the United States West toward the Pacific Ocean.
SPOILS SYSTEM-winners of elections should select government officials.
STRICT CONSTRUCTIONIST-same thing as strict interpretation of the U.S. Constitution. Founding Fathers’ wishes and original plan should be honored.

67. Henry Clay’s American System
Economic plan that protected American industries [farming, manufacturing] from foreign competition.
Create tariffs [taxes on imported/foreign goods] to protect American businesses [farms].
Create a national bank to stop the risky state banks and make America stronger.
Congressman Henry Clay

68. Tariff of abomination
Tax against British goods to protect Northern manufactured goods.
Senator Calhoun from South Carolina was against tariffs.
Tariffs made it harder for England to buy Southern cotton and damaged the economy.
South Carolina Exposition and Protest-Letter Calhoun wrote denouncing, speaking against the tariff.
South Carolina Nullification Crisis-South Carolina tried to cancel out the federal law but couldn’t.
Senator John C. Calhoun

69. Nat Turner’s slave rebellion
Nat Turner was a slave from Virginia who rebelled against his owners.
Turner escaped his plantation and other slaves joined him in revolt.
The rebel slaves attacked whites, caused disturbances and violence.
More than 100 blacks were killed by white mobs and many new anti-slave laws were passed to restrict the movement and rights of slaves.
Nat Turner was captured, put on trial and hanged.
Very restrictive laws called Black codes were passed as a reaction to Turner’s rebellion.

70. Pet banks
These were banks allowed to operate and receive money from the federal government.
They were called “pet” banks because they were favored by President Jackson in order for states to receive payments from the federal government.

71. Election of 1832
FIRST TIME A NATIONAL CONVENTION WAS USED TO NOMINATE A PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE.
Electors from the Democratic Party across the U.S. came together to nominate Andrew Jackson for president.
Jackson was re-elected by a huge margin [more than 2-to-1.

72. Whig Party
POLITICAL PARTY CREATED TO OPPOSE PRESIDENT JACKSON [TO DEFEAT HIM IN ELECTIONS].
GOALS WERE ECONOMIC PROTECTIONISM BY CREATING TARIFFS ON FOREIGN GOODS.
PASS LAWS AND AMENDMENTS TO END SLAVERY.

73. Election of 1840
Van Buren had been Jackson’s vice-president and did not have a good reputation [citizens were ready for a change].
The national economy was trying to recover from the Panic of 1837[recession].
Former U.S. General Harrison was very popular for his victories during the War of 1812.
Harrison won the election as president versus Van Buren.
W.H. Harrison
Martin Van Buren

74. Dorothea Dix
Dorothea Dix taught Sunday School at a prison in Massachusetts during the late 1800s.
While there she witnessed appalling conditions for the prisoners.
She saw terrible treatment of mentally ill inmates.
After her experience she wrote letters to lawmakers and crusaded to improve the conditions of prisoners and mentally ill persons across the United States.
As a result conditions and facilities for these people improved.

75. Horace Mann
Horace Mann was a lawmaker from Massachusetts who led the fight for expanded public education.
His legislative leadership led to the expansion of school construction, teacher training and higher teacher pay.
Massachusetts passed a mandatory school attendance law.
Because of Mann’s reforms other states expanded public education as well.

76. Temperance Movement
Many American women were tired of witnessing the devastation that alcohol wrought on families.
Rural men were especially prone to alcoholism because of isolation and depression. Domestic violence was also a problem.
Christian religious women were the most active in trying to have alcohol banned.
Eventually states began to prohibit alcohol culminating in the 18th Amendment in 1919.

77. Women’s Rights
In the 1800s several women fought for property and voting rights for women. The Seneca Falls Convention was the first well known national meeting to discuss and plan women’s rights.
Lucretia Mott-religious Quaker wife of a minister who believed slavery was evil. Favored women’s voting/property rights.
Susan B. Anthony-an “angry” feminist who demanded and fought for voting rights which led to passage of the 19th Amendment.
Sojourner Truth-former slave who spoke out against slavery in speeches and letters. Supported women’s voting and property rights.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton-abolitionist and women’s voting rights supporter emphasized religious conviction.

78. Utopian Communities
Groups of communities gathered together to separate themselves from the rest of society [Brook Farm, Oneida and New Harmony].
The whole point was to make perfect worlds, perfect societies based on unique religious beliefs. They believed the outside world was evil and impure.
Shared child raring, shared spouses, shared homes and shared property were strategies they employed.
Many Americans thought these citizens were weird, freakish and unusual because of their beliefs.

79. The Mormons
Joseph Smith-The founder of the Mormon religious movement. He was presented golden tablets in the woods in New York by an angel according to his accounts. He published these tablets into the Book of Mormon that was added to the Mormons’ Bible. He traveled with his followers to different states and was eventually murdered by an angry mob.
Brigham Young-Lead the pilgrimage of Mormons Westward to their permanent home in Utah.
Controversial beliefs included plural marriages and separatism.

80. 2nd Great Awakening
The time when Christian religious involvement and church membership soared in the United States!
Different types of denominations increased by large numbers [Methodist, Lutheran, Presbyterian and others].
Ministers and pastors lead spiritual revivals and preached that people should live more devout lives in order to avoid the fires of hell.

81. Necessary Evil
Most slave owners realized that slavery and oppression of other humans was wrong.
Many slave owners formed relationships based on trust with their slaves.
When confronted by abolitionists, slave owners and supporters claimed slavery was a necessary evil to maintain their financial survival on farms.

82. Abolitionists
People who believe in ending slavery were called abolitionists.
Abolitionists were mostly whites despite the fact that most slave owners were also white.
William Lloyd Garrison risked his life to speak out against slavery. He demanded immediate emancipation for slavery.
The Grimké sisters came from a slave owning family in South Carolina and spoke out against slavery and its evils.

83. David Walker
Walker was born in North Carolina in 1785 to a free mother and an enslaved father.
He moved around frequently to different free slave enclaves [towns] and ended up joining the Massachusetts abolitionist movement.
He gave anti-slavery speeches and wrote an important booklet called the Appeal. His whole point of view was to convince his fellow blacks that they should “wake up,” join together and oppose slavery by non-violent means if possible.

84. Frederick Douglass
Born a slave in Maryland he learned valuable trades such as carpentry and machinery operations.
He witnessed horrifying treatment of slaves by masters including murder.
He was able to escape to the North where he had previously been hired out.
He was taught the fundamentals of reading by a master’s wife and then later on by white children to whom he paid money.
As a freeman he became a wealthy public speaker and advisor to presidents such as Abraham Lincoln regarding slavery.

85. Charles G. Finney
Finney was a Presbyterian preacher who was an important part of the Second Great Awakening.
His sermons [verbal religious speeches] were intentionally emotional in order to inspire his congregation.
His goal was to inspire social change especially the abolishment of slavery.
He also supported and participated in educational integration [the schooling of blacks and women together].