1. CMT Training The Center for Life Enrichment Resource: MTTP Student Manual

2.  Diabetes is a disorder in which the body does not properly utilize or release insulin which results in abnormally high levels of serum (blood) glucose

3.  In the normal process of digestion, consumed sugars and starches (carbohydrates) and other foods are changed into a form of sugar called glucose  Glucose is distributed throughout the body and is used as the energy source for the body’s cells  The rise in blood sugar associated with eating triggers the pancreas to secrete the hormone called insulin

4.  Insulin is required to allow the blood glucose to leave the bloodstream and either enter the body’s cells where it is used for energy or enter the liver where it is stored for future use  In diabetes, either the body does not properly use the insulin that is secreted by the pancreas or the pancreas secretes too little or no insulin

5.  If the body does not properly use the insulin that is secreted by the pancreas or the pancreas secretes too little or no insulin, the glucose collects in the blood  These high levels of blood glucose, over time, cause complications such as: Damage to the retinas of the eyes (Diabetic Retinopathy) Nerve damage (Neuropathy) Kidney failure Blood vessel damage (increasing the incidence of heart attack & stroke) Reduced circulation (increasing the risk of infection and the potential for amputation) Impotence Complications of pregnancy

6. TYPE I DIABETESTYPE II DIABETES  The pancreas secretes too little or no insulin  The person must receive insulin injections to allow the blood glucose to be utilized and/or stored properly  The insulin that is produced by the pancreas cannot be utilized effectively  Diet & exercise are employed as the first line of treatment  If diet & exercise are not sufficient, oral agents or insulin may be required

7.  The exact cause of diabetes is not known

8. TYPE I DIABETESTYPE II DIABETES  Scientists believe that a genetic predisposition coupled with environmental factors cause the immune system to attack the pancreas and destroy the cells that produce insulin  Most people who have Type I Diabetes develop the disease before the age of 30  Though the pancreas continues to produce insulin, the insulin is ineffective  Identified risk factors for Type II Diabetes: Obesity (excessive fat prevents insulin from working properly) Specific racial/cultural groups (African Americans and Hispanics have a higher incidence) Family History  Diet, exercise, and oral medications are used for treatment

9.  Signs & Symptoms of Type I Diabetes often occur suddenly and include: Frequent urination (polyuria) Increased thirst (polydipsia) Rapid weight loss (often in the presence of increased appetite – polyphagia) Irritability Nausea & vomitting

10.  The signs & symptoms of Type II Diabetes are usually more gradual in onset  In addition to the signs & symptoms mentioned on the previous slide, the signs & symptoms may include: Hard to heal infections (especially of the skin, gums, or bladder) Vision changes Tingling or numbness of the distal extremities Itching Tiredness

11.  Regular medical check-ups which include laboratory monitoring are critical in detecting abnormally high blood glucose levels  Physical exams are encouraged annually by TCLE

12.  The goal of medication therapy for both Type I and Type II Diabetes is to maintain the blood sugar levels within normal range  Acceptable normal standards are from 70 to 110 mg/dl

13.  In Type I Diabetes, the treatment is to provide insulin directly to the body Insulin is injected under the skin into the fat layer of the body The fatty tissue of the upper arm, thigh, and abdomen are the usual sites for administration CMTs required to administer insulin receive special training from the RN CM/DN before they are authorized to administer insulin Small syringes with very thin needles, insulin pens, or insulin pumps may be used CMTs are not allowed to calculate the insulin dose. CMTs may be delegated the task of measuring insulin/filling the insulin syringe at the discretion of the RN CM/DN

14.  When an individual is diagnosed with Type II Diabetes, dietary restrictions and an increase in exercise will be tried to lower blood sugar levels adequately  If diet and exercise are not effective, oral hypoglycemic agents will be utilized to lower blood sugar levels adequately  Oral hypoglycemic agents work by stimulating the pancreas to increase the production of insulin, by increasing the effectiveness of the insulin produced, or by increasing the body’s ability to utilize its own insulin  If the body does not respond to oral agents, insulin injections may be required

15.  Unwanted/side effects of the medications used to treat diabetes and complications of the disease requiring emergency intervention include: Hypoglycemia Hyperglycemia DKA (Diabetic coma)

16.  Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) occurs more commonly in individuals taking insulin  Often referred to as insulin shock or insulin reaction  Hypoglycemic reactions can occur suddenly  Sign & symptoms include:  Feeling shaky  Becoming sweaty  Feeling tired, weak, or nervous  Feeling hungry  Becoming irritable or confused  Developing a headache  Developing a rapid heart rate

17.  It is critical that low blood sugar be treated immediately to avoid unconsciousness and brain damage If the person is conscious, administer a quick acting sugar by mouth to keep the person from losing consciousness:  1/2 cup of sweetened fruit juice (OJ or Apple)  Hard candy  1/2 cup of regular soda  GlucoTabs If the person is unconscious, injecting Glucagon will stimulate the release of the stored form of glucose, glucogen, from the liver  911 should be called and the person should be transported to the nearest emergency room for evaluation and stabilization  CMTs receive individualized training from the delegating nurse before being authorized to administer glucagon