2. Islam Expands
Chapter 10 Section 2

3. Muhammad’s Successors
Muhammad did not name successor or how to choose one
Muslim community elected Abu-Bakr (loyal friend) as first caliph
Caliph = “successor” or “deputy”
New political formation = “caliphate”
Muhammad’s father-in-law, Abu Bakr, was named the khalifa (caliph) or “Successor”

4. Rightly Guided Caliphs
“Rightly Guided Caliphs” = the first four caliphs
Abu-Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali
All personally had known Muhammad
Known as “rightly guided” because they used Muhammad’s actions and the Qur’an as guides for leadership

5. Concept of Jihad jihad means “striving” – inner struggle against evil
Also used to mean armed struggle against unbelievers
Abu-Bakr used jihad to encourage & justify the expansion of Islam

6. Muslim Conquests
Muslims eventually conquered Syria, lower Egypt, Sassanid Empire (Persia)
Stretched from Atlantic Ocean in west to Indus River in the east
Treatment of Conquered Peoples
Religious freedom (Qur’an forbids forced conversion)
Christians & Jews were “people of the book”
Non-Muslims paid poll tax & certain restrictions

8. Reasons for Success 1) Desire to spread their faith
Victories seen as sign of Allah’s support
Fought to defend Islam
2) Armies were well disciplined & expertly commanded
3) Non-followers of Christianity & Zoroastrianism were persecuted by Byzantines & Sassanid Empires, so they welcomed Muslim invaders

9. Internal Conflict = Crisis
Difficult to keep unified rule
Uthman murdered – civil war erupts – struggle for power
Ali (relative of Muhammad) v. Muawiya (governor of Syria)
Ali was assassinated
Umayyad family came to power
Moved capital to Damascus
Surrounded with wealth, ceremony

10. Civil War – the Umayyads
Umayyads came to power & moved Muslim capital to Damascus
Split between Shi’a and Sunni Muslims
Sunni
Shi’a
Believe that first four caliphs were “Rightly Guided”
Believe that Ali should have succeeded Muhammad
Muslim rulers should follow the Sunna
All Muslim rulers should be descended from Muhammad; don’t recognize the Sunna
Claim that the Shi’a distorted the meaning of passages in the Qur’an
Claim that the Sunni have distorted the meaning of passages in the Qur’an

11. Split of Islam Division over Umayyad rule, office of caliph
The Shi’a believed the caliph should be descendant of Muhammad
The Sunni believed that a caliph could be a ruler who followed the Sunna (Muhammad’s example), not necessarily a descendant
Both accused of misinterpreting the Qur’an
The Sufi rejected the luxurious life of the Umayyads

12. Growth of Muslim Empire
Umayyad caliphate set up in Spain
Berbers (Muslims from N. Africa) also settled in Spain
Abbasids Consolidate Power - replaced the Umayyads as ruler of the empire
Moved the capital to Baghdad (key for trade)
Developed strong bureaucracy

13. Rival Groups Divide Muslim Lands
Abbasids failed to keep control
Independent Muslim states arose
For example, the Fatimid Caliphate (Shi’a who claimed descent from Muhammad’s daughter Fatima)
The Abbasid caliphate was connected to the independent Muslims through religion, trade, and economy

14. Muslim Trade Muslim Empire had access to both land and sea trade
Single language (Arabic) and single currency (dinar) made travel & trade easier
Banks offered sakks, or letters of credit, to merchants
Merchant with sakk from one city could exchange it for cash in another city
In English, pronounced “check”

15. Muslim Culture
Chapter 10 Section 3

16. Muslim Society Cultural traditions combined with Arabic culture
Preserved Greek and Roman knowledge
Today’s Goal: Explain the contributions of Muslim culture to the arts, literature, science, math, and philosophy

17. Muslim Cities Damascus, Córdoba, Cairo, Jerusalem
Cities symbolized strength of caliphate
Baghdad (Abbasid capital)
Extensive planning
Circular design of three protective walls
Palace of marble and stone at center
Main streets lined w/shops

18. Social Classes & Women Upper class = Muslim at birth
Second class = converts to Islam
Third class = “protected peoples”
Lowest class = slaves
Qur’an stated men and women were equal in faith
shari’a gave women more economic & property rights
Yet still subservient to men
Some women were educated, participated in public life

19. Muslim Scholarship & Knowledge
The Prophet emphasized learning
House of Wisdom = library, academy, & translation center in Baghdad
Scholars of various cultures worked together to translate texts

20. Muslim Literature Qur’an is standard for all Arabic literature
Poets praised the Prophet, Islam, & caliphs
Nature & pleasures of life
Ten Thousand and One Nights
Collection of fairy tales, parables, legends

21. Muslim Philosophy Preserved works of Greek philosophers
“Ideal Man” – blend of cultures
The ideal and morally perfect man should be of East Persian derivation, Arabic in faith, of Iraqi education, a Hebrew in astuteness, a disciple of Christ in conduct, as pious as a Greek monk, a Greek in the individual sciences, an Indian in the interpretation of all mysteries, but lastly and especially a Sufi in his whole spiritual life.
Ikhwan as-Safa, The World of Islam

22. Muslim Art & Architecture
Muslims discouraged images of living things
Calligraphy  beautiful handwriting
Geometric patterns in woodwork, glass, ceramics, textiles
Architecture represents cultural blending
Great Mosque of Damascus – dome & vaulted ceiling
Great Mosque of Córdoba – two tiers of arches to support ceiling

24. Muslim Medicine Persian scholar al-Razi (Rhazes) – great physician
Comprehensive Book, Treatise on Smallpox & Measles
Patients recover quickly if breathed clean air

25. Muslim Math & Science
Solve problems by conducting experiments in lab settings
Al-Khwarizmi  al-jabr (algebra)
Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen)  Optics
Revolutionary ideas about vision

26. Astronomy  needed for religious purposes
Muslim observatories
Astrolabe (navigation)
Armillary sphere