1. IMPERIALISM
Policy of controlling or dominating other, weaker countries; an extension of a nation’s power over another land

2. Phases of Imperialism First phase 1415-1800
Based on the activities of trading companies
Focus on the Reconquista and the Americas
Conquest, plunder, slavery, and annihilation of indigenous peoples
Aztecs- declined from 13 million to 2 million by 1600

3. Phases of Imperialism cont.
Second Phase
Late 19th century to World War II
Focus was on colonial occupation and governing
Targets were Africa, Asia, and the Pacific
Economic exploitation
European countries took over the productive life of the country
Invested capital
Turned large portions of native populations into employees of the foreign power

4. MOTIVES Economic Strategic Simplest stage- “ lust for loot”
More Developed- search for raw materials and markets
most refined- mutual benefits for colony and the parent country
Strategic
The acquisition of territory to protect the mother country, her colonies, and their lines of communication

5. Colonizing Aggressive
MOTIVES Cont.
Colonizing
A nation’s need to provide space for its surplus, dissident, or criminal population
Aggressive
The desire for revenge, power, or prestige; then urge to trample weaker peoples and to advertise strength

6. Missionary Leadership
MOTIVES Cont.
Missionary
The desire to convert other peoples to a religion, culture, or way of life
Leadership
A country’s conviction of its superior ability to provide orderly government, either as a permanent proprietor or as a temporary trustee
“White man’s burden” – watch over indigenous peoples

7. Visual Representation
Definition
Causes
Ambition
Industrial Revolution
Need Resources
Need Trading Markets
Religion
Nationalism
The policy of setting up colonies & building up empires by dominating another nation politically, economically, & socially
IMPERIALISM
Visual Representation
Examples
England
Italy
France
Germany
U.S.A
Portugal
Belgium

8. Imperialism
Main Idea – Technological superiority allowed European nations to dominate non-developed areas and establish global empires.

9. Industrial Revolution
Why did it start?
CAUSES
Industrial Revolution
Nationalism
Religion
"The White man's burden"

10. Why did it start? Industrial Revolution
Nations did not have enough resources in their own country
Industrial Nations produced so many goods that they needed new markets
Forces to look elsewhere for resources
Nations competed for colonies
Increased need for Resources

11. Why did it start? Nationalism More colonies = More Power
Extreme pride in their country led them to want more power
Industrial Nations competed for colonies

12. Why did it start? White Man’s Burden An attempt to justify imperialism
Mission = Spread Christianity & the Industrial Revolution
Westerners viewed anyone with different religion & life as “backwards”
Westerners felt it was their duty to “civilize” the “backwards” people of the world
An attempt to justify imperialism

13. Countries look to extract resources & spread their culture.
What is Imperialism?
The policy of setting up colonies & building up empires.
Countries look to extract resources & spread their culture.
Imperial nations convinced themselves that what they were doing was positive for everyone involved.
Is it all good?
Is it all bad?

14. Imperialism
Good? or Evil?

15. Imperialism: Good or Evil?
Use evidence from the readings to justify your answer.
Write a thesis that states your groups position.
Use bullet points to come up with at least three support points and evidence to support those points from the reading.

16. Type of Rule
Indirect rule: colonial government in which local rulers are allowed to maintain their positions of authority and status; Dutch East India Company
Direct rule: colonial government in which local elites are removed from power and replaced by a new set of officials brought from the mother country; British Burma

17. Yellow = Belgium
Blue = France
Pink = Spain
Purple = Portugal
Red = Great Britain
Lime Green = Italy
Mint Green = Germany
White = Independent States
Colonial Africa 1913: Colors are colonial territories laid over present day boundaries

18. How were European powers able to gain control of most of Africa?
Imperialism in Africa
By 1914 the continent of Africa was almost entirely controlled by European imperial powers.
These powers looked to control the economy, society, and government of the conquered peoples.
How were European powers able to gain control of most of Africa?

19. Industrial Powers race to colonies
AFRICA
Christian Missionaries were the first “explorers” of Africa’s interior
Belgium sent representatives to negotiate with African chiefs
Contracts were in English
Those who refused were shot
Chiefs were forced to give up their land
In the 1870s, European powers looked to fully colonize Africa. The map shows how Imperialist nations divided the continent.

20. Contract
Je, (votre nom), acceptez de respecter tous les attentes et les règles de classe. Je vais mettre tous les matériaux requis dans la classe et de participer à toutes les activités. Je vais m'efforcer d'atteindre grandeur universitaires. Dans le cas que je ne respecte pas cet accord, je suis d'accord pour donner à tous les gains futurs à Mme Brohman. Je vais également faire un don 100 heures de service communautaire dans une école locale ou organisation à but non lucratif, ainsi que Mme Brohman de laver les planchers en chambre pour le reste de l'année.

21. Contract
Imagine if this were in some language other than English and you were held accountable to it because you repeated the sounds.
I, (your name), agree to abide by all class expectations and rules. I will bring all required materials to class and participate in all activites. I will strive to achieve academic greatness. In the event that I do not honor this agreement, I agree to give all future earnings to Mrs. Brohman. I will also donate 100 hours of community service to a local school or non-profit organization, as well as wash the floors in Mrs. Brohman’s room for the remainder of the year.

22. Liberia & Ethiopia were the only independent African Nations
Scramble for Africa: Berlin Conference
Liberia & Ethiopia were the only independent African Nations

23. Egypt & France = Partners
Suez Canal
Built in 1869
w/French $
Connected Red & Mediterranean Sea shortening trip to Asian markets
Egypt needed $ so they sold their share to England
Despite the voluntary sale, Egyptians grew angry & rebelled over foreign presence
1881  Led to Egypt becoming a British protectorate in 1914
Protectorate: political unit that depends on another government for protection
Egypt & France = Partners

24. British settlers continued to move north & on Dutch controlled land
Causes
Boer War
England v. Dutch Farmers
England dedicated to expansion
British settlers in Dutch colonies outnumbered Boers, descendants of original Dutch settlers
British gained control of area  new language & culture
Boers left the area & founded Transvaal & Orange Free State
Diamonds were discovered in land of the Boers
British settlers continued to move north & on Dutch controlled land

25. Cecil Rhodes vision of a English-speaking Empire became a reality.
Outcomes
Boer War
England v. Dutch Farmers
Boers fought often with the indigenous Zulu
The Boers resisted British victory & practiced guerilla warfare
British arrested & imprisoned Boers
Boers finally gave up (1910)
Orange Free State & Transvaal became part of British Africa
Created the Union of South Africa
From Cape to Cairo
Cecil Rhodes vision of a English-speaking Empire became a reality.

26. Scars left on Africa Created problems between African tribes
Forced ethnic groups into same nation
Destroyed African culture
In many parts, segregation & class system based on color were introduced
Africa has yet to recover  corruption, instability, violence & authoritative regimes are common

27. Colonial Takeover in Southeast Asia
Britain  Singapore: stopover in & out of China; Burma: protect Indian interests & southern China
France  Indochina (Indochine): Vietnam, Cambodia, Tonkin, Annam & Laos
United States  Philippines: transferred from Spanish control to an American colony; stepping stone to China
Singapore: Upset by the Dutch monopoly on trade in the South China Sea, the East India Company (British charter company) starts to take over different port cities. First, Penang, then Singapore and then Malacca. They were controlled by the East India Company until they became a British Crown colony. Sultans were maintained as figure heads and religious leaders, but the British effectively ran everything. British colonized the area in three waves – pioneers, consolidators, and polishers. Pioneers established the control, consolidators set up the infrastructure for British existence there and the polishers came in a finely tuned the British way of life and prosperity in the region. During WWII, Japanese occupied Singapore and the rest of the Malay Peninsula. Independence was granted by Britain following the war: Malayan states in 1957, Singapore in 1959; Malaysia is formed in 1963 (which includes Singapore) and Singapore again in 1965.
Burma:

28. Thailand as an exception
Siam (Thailand) maintained independence
King Mongkut and King Chulalongkorn
Western practices & relationships
Used as a buffer by the French and British

29. Whose Next?
ASIA

30. INDIA Background 1700  Once powerful Mogul Empire was falling apart
1760s  England won the French-Indian War; forcing France out of India
British East Indian Company took over trading in India
Company controlled much of India for 100-years
British forced their culture on India
Prior to 1850, Chinese & Japanese rulers allowed only limited trade with the West. European powers turned attention on India

31. What happened to India when the British arrived?
Positives?
Negatives?
Is India better off now because the British colonized it?

32. Sepoy  Indian soldier in the British Army
INDIA cont.
Sepoy Rebellion (1857)
Indians felt that British were trying to change their culture; distrust of British
Economic problems & sense of nationalism increased resentment
Sepoy soldiers mutinied & refused to accept new rifle
British response  Jail opponents
Sepoys united & led a rebellion; tried to run British out of India
British East India Company & British company united to regain control
Sepoy  Indian soldier in the British Army

33. Sepoy Rebellion (1857) OUTCOME  British fully controlled India
INDIA cont.
Sepoy Rebellion (1857)
Religious differences & weak leadership doomed India
OUTCOME 
British fully controlled India
Indian nationalist movements begin
British East India Company removed from power
It is this consciousness of the inherent superiority of the European which has won for us India. However well educated and clever a native may be, and however brave he may prove himself, I believe that no rank we can bestow on him would cause him to be considered an equal of the British officer.

34. British Imperialism in India
MAIN IDEA – The Sepoy Mutiny resulted in the British gaining full control of India.
Resulted in Direct rule of India by the British – Viceroys (governor who ruled on behalf of the monarch)

35. Indian Nationalism
Indian National Congress: wanted a share in the governing process
Mohandas Gandhi: civil disobedience to aid the poor and gain independence for India
i.e. Great Salt March

36. Age of Colonialism

37. Queen Victoria of England
Who is this person?
Queen Victoria of England
Reign - June 1837 to January 1901
Period of rule known as the Victorian era
Ruled during peak of Industrial Revolution
Expanded British Empire
Ruled over most powerful nation in the world
The grandmother of Europe

38. What does she have in common with these bad guys?
Frank Lucas – Heroin smuggler into Harlem in the late 60s and early 70s – “American Gangster” with Denzel Washington
Tony Montana – lead character in “Scarface” – drug smuggler in Miami
Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria – Colombian drug lord of cocaine
Al Capone – smuggled liquor during Prohibition

39. International Drug Smuggler
Oversaw a major drug-trafficking criminal organization
Very few current drug cartels can even touch the England of the 19th Century
England shipped tons of opium into China, which it traded for Chinese goods and for tea.
Created a nation filled with drug addicts
Queen Victoria of England

40. Review Questions
Directions – Write the following questions on a sheet of paper, discuss them with your partner & write a response to each question in your notes.
Why was China traditionally not interested in trading with the West?
B. How was England ultimately able to establish favorable trading rights in China? Explain.
No need for useless gadgets & weird objects
Looked down on foreigners
Self-sufficient
Smuggled highly addictive drug into China
Won trading rights as result of Opium Wars
Used military superiority & economic pressures

41. British look to increase trade
After years of imbalanced trading with China, England looked to find a product that Chinese were willing to purchase.
British Traders discovered that Opium Trade = Large Profits
British traded Opium for tea & silk  LARGE PROFITS
Chinese officials learned about the dangers of opium & looked to declare it illegal.

42. Opium War (1839-1842) Chinese banned opium & destroyed shipments
England wanted to protect their investment
China
Outnumbered British
No cannons
Outdated Navy

43. Visual Representation
Causes
Outcomes
Britain won
China forced to give up trading post
China unable to hold foreigners accountable under Chinese laws
China lost Hong Kong to Britain
Unfavorable balance of trade between Britain and China  started shipping Opium into China.
Opium Wars
Facts
Visual Representation
Two wars fought
England easily defeated China
Greatly weakened China
Lin Zexu led movement against sale of opium
Europeans had superior military technology
The British East India Company smuggled opium into China, ignoring local laws. China fiercely resisted the sale of opium & pleaded for Britain to stop.

44. Response to Pressure from the West
A VOICE FROM THE PAST
By what right do they [British merchants] use the poisonous drug [opium] to injure the Chinese people? I have heard that the smoking of opium is very strictly forbidden by your country; that is because the harm caused by opium is clearly understood. Since it is not permitted to do harm to your own country, then even less should you let it be passed on to the harm of other countries.
LIN ZEXU, quoted in China’s Response to the West
Why did Lin Zexu oppose the Opium trade with Britain? Explain.

45. Opium War: China v. England
Lin Zexu
Queen Victoria
Outdated Navy
Mounting domestic problems
Exported millions of tons of tea
Self-sufficient for hundreds of years
Benifited from extraterritorial rights
imbalance of trade drained silver supply
Little interest in trade
Acquired Hong Kong as result of Opium War
Opium illegal
Opium illegal
stable unified government
Imports greatly outnumbered exports (1820s)

46. Treaty of Nanjing 1842 5 coastal ports opened to British trade
Extraterritoriality
Limit taxes on British goods
Pay for the cost of the war
Gave the British Hong Kong
What is missing from this “treaty”?
The Chinese played European powers off each other after the Treaty of Nanjing; established spheres of influence in the 5 port cities.

47. China Response to Pressure from the West
Main Idea – Western economic and militaristic pressures forced China to open to foreign trade and influence.
“Self Strengthening” called for China to adopt Western technology while maintaining Confucian principles.

48. Taiping Rebellion s
Chinese “brother of Jesus” recruits one million rebels and nearly takes out government before dying
mixed elements of Christianity and traditional Chinese religion, along with ideas of his own.
He believed in communal property (giving land to peasants) and the equality of men and women
Qing 48

50. Taiping and Communism
Although pre-Communism the Taiping Rebellion foreshadowed it in several ways
Land was evenly distributed.
Outlawed all of the following:
Slavery, Sale of women, foot-binding, prostitution, arranged marriages and polygamy.
The Taipings were also against use of opium, alcohol, and tobacco.
Over time, Taiping leaders began to violate most of these rules (especially alcohol and women) and their movement began to lose its loyal followers
Qing govt with help from western powers ended the Taiping movement to take over China
Qing 50

51. Concessions to Open Door
Japan, Russia, Germany, Great Britain, & France looked to get special trading rights in China by going directly to warlords
China forced to make concessions
Special Rights Included
Rights to develop mineral mines
Rights to build Railroads
Rights to establish Navy Bases
Leases to port cities
U.S.A is being left out of CHINA

52. Concessions to Open Door
U.S. felt that their interests were being threatened
U.S. Proposes Equal Trading Rights in China
Policy called the OPEN DOOR POLICY

53. The U.S. proposes Open Door Policy (1900)
Major imperial powers agreed to respect trading rights
Treaties were unequal & unfair to China
EFFECTS
Increased foreigners in China
China remained “free” from colonial rule
Japan eventually ignored Policy (1920s)
Notice that the Portuguese are not a major player in Asia

54. "Death to the foreign devils."
Boxer Rebellion (1900)
Chinese nationalist movement looked to expel all foreigners
International Force of 20,000
Soldiers from England, France, Germany, Austria, Italy, Russia, Japan, and the U.S.
Despite rebellion China remained weak & divided
Number of foreigners increased
"Death to the foreign devils."

55. Strong foreign presence remained in China until 1947.
Boxer Rebellion (1900)
Movement failed & China fell almost completely in the control of foreign nations
Strong sense of nationalism emerged
Qing Dynasty was forced to accept reforms (1911)
Strong foreign presence remained in China until 1947.

56. LECTURE – Review Questions
Directions – Write the following questions on a sheet of paper, discuss them with your partner & write a response to each question in your notes.
End to Chinese self-rule
Great Britain gained control of Hong Kong
Foreigners gained extraterritorial rights
What were the outcomes of the Opium Wars?
B. Why did the Boxer Rebellion fail?
China remained divided
Strong foreign coalition
China had inferior technology

57. Japan 1800 Tokugawa Shogunate had ruled for 200 years
Sat-Cho rebellion (1863) against the shogun  put power back in the hands of the Emperor!
Feared Western influence and death of the samurai way of life
Supported initial Meiji Government; rebelled against the Meiji after a short time for the same reasons (The Last Samurai)

58. Meiji Restoration – Emperor Mutsuhito
Goal  Emulate the West
Impressed by military & industrial strength of the west
Wanted to modernize the nation
Nationalism

59. How did they create an Empire?
Abolished feudalism  focused on industry
“Modernized” Japanese Culture
New Calendar, adopted western clothing
Modernized Navy & Army
Removed the samurai
War with Russia  Japan proves to be a world power
Political reform and Economic expansion
In less than 30-years, established themselves as a world power

60. Impact of Imperialism Increased tensions between western powers
Loss of indigenous cultures
Asia and Africa carved up for European interests
Good vs. Bad
i.e. Good: Building infrastructure
i.e. Bad: keeping wages low and taxes high