1. “... Trying to bring unconscious understanding to the conscious level.”

2. Types of Sentences by Structure

3. Simple A single independent clause A sentence that does not contain any other sentence Ex: Kaitlyn wrote the paper.

4. Compound A sentence consisting of two independent clauses connected by a coordinating conjunction Ex: The seventh graders are new, and the seniors are “old”.

5. Complex A sentence consisting of one or more dependent clauses and an independent clause Ex: After she swept the floors, Bethany’s mother mopped them vigorously. Ex: I believe that Kyler is going to Spencer’s house to study tonight.

6. Compound-Complex A complex sentence coordinated with an independent clause Ex: Marissa was ambivalent about the transition from quarters to semesters, but she now thinks that it will be a beneficial change for everyone concerned.

7. Types of Sentences by Purpose

8. Declarative A sentence that makes a statement Ex: Courtney is a kind person.

9. Imperative A sentence that issues a command. Ex: Open your books, please.

10. Exclamatory A forceful utterance; an outcry Ex: I’m too excited to sleep!

11. Interrogative A sentence that asks a question Ex: Where are you doing for Spring Break?

12. Rhetorical Question A question that does not require an answer Ex: Are you kidding me?

13. Types of Sentences by Arrangement

14. Inverted Placing the complement or direct object before the verb Ex: A cheery smile he had for everyone. Ex: Hardest hit were the coastal areas. Caution: Do not overuse, as it can sound monotonous and pretentious

15. Loose/Cumulative A sentence with the main clause first, and the subordinate clause last (“front-loaded”) Ex: Garrett admired the knickknacks on the shelf while he waited for his date.

16. Periodic A sentence with main clause occurs last, and the subordinate clause first (“rear-loaded”) Ex: While he waited for his date, the young man admired the knickknacks on the shelf Effect — Grammatically, you don’t have an understanding of the sentence until the end.

17. Interrupted Sentence with dependent elements set off by dashes, parentheses, or commas for effect Ex: Megan will, therefore, be ready to leave on Friday. Ex: We reached Bremerton – though I’d forgotten why we went – that morning. Ex: I was thinking (clearly for once) that we should break off our relationship.

18. Parallel Parallel structure (also called parallelism) is the repetition of a chosen grammatical form within a sentence Ex: Not Parallel: Ellen likes hiking, the rodeo, and to take afternoon naps Parallel: Ellen likes hiking, attending the rodeo, and taking afternoon naps.

19. Isocolon Parallel structure in which the parallel elements are similar not only in grammatical structure, but also in length Ex: The Biblical admonition, “Many are called, but few are chosen.”

20. Balanced Neatly divided between two parallel structures, for example two independent clauses in a compound sentence Ex: In the 1950’s, the electronic miracle was the television; in the 1980’s, the electronic miracle was the computer. Effect — Adds emphasis by highlighting correspondences or contrasts between clauses

21. Types of Sentences by Order/Placement

22. Antithesis A statement that takes an arguable position opposite from another Ex: Give me liberty, or give me death! – Patrick Henry

23. Juxtaposition The placing of two contrasting ideas side by side for comparison/contrast Ex: CHAOS/CALM: The end of Jack's flashback to the plane is chaotic and destructive, with people being hurled around the plane, and everyone terrified. The next shot is of a calm ocean, with a thoughtful and introspective Jack looking out over it.

24. Oxymoron A figure of speech that produces its effect by a seeming self-contradiction Ex: Jumbo shrimp Ex: Pretty ugly

25. Paradox Any person, thing, or situation that appears self- contradictory in nature but, in reality, expresses a possible truth Ex: I always tell lies. Ex: You can save money by spending it. Ex: I am nobody.

26. Types of Sentences by Omission or Addition

27. Apposition A noun phrase, set off by commas, that describes or renames a preceding noun or noun phrase Ex: Olympia, the capital of Washington, is south of here.

28. Parenthesis Sets off nonessential information in a sentence May use either commas or parentheses for punctuation Ex: Billy Bob, a great singer, was not a great dancer. OR Billy Bob (a great singer) was not a great dancer. Effect — creates distance between the idea being set apart and the main clause. Parentheses create a larger separation than commas.

29. Asyndeton Suppressing all coordinating conjunctions in a parallel series Ex: I came, I saw, I conquered Effect — shows the events in a series as virtually simultaneous or that they form a unified whole

30. Polysyndeton Inserting many coordinating conjunctions (in other words, adding and or or before every item in a series) Ex: I came and I saw and I conquered. Effect – either slowness and stateliness or emphasizes the separateness of the members of the series

31. Anaphora Repetition of same word at beginning of successive phrases/clauses/sentences (henceforward p/c/s) Ex:“Of all the gin joints in all the towns in all the world, she walks into mine.” — Rick Blaine in Casablanca This is HUGE, and you need to be able to recognize and identify this.

32. Epistrophe Repetition of same word at end of successive p/c/s Ex: “What lies behind us and what lies before us are tiny compared to what lies within us.” — Emerson

33. Anadiplosis Repetition of last word in p/c/s as the first word in the next p/c/s Ex: “Fear is the path to the dark side. Fear leads to anger. Anger leads to hate. Hate leads to suffering. I sense much fear in you.” — Yoda in Star Wars Episode 1: The Phantom Menance

34. Epanalepsis Repetition of word at beginning and end of same p/c/s Ex: “Mankind must put an end to war--or war will put an end to mankind.” — John F. Kennedy, speech at the United Nations, 1961

35. Chiasmus Reverses the order of modifiers or sentence structure in two parallel clauses Ex: “Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country.” — John F. Kennedy Ex: He led bravely, and we bravely followed. Ex: He who sheds the blood of man. By man, his blood be shed.

36. Chiasmus Chiasmus can also reverse the order of letters for literary effect Ex: A mind is a terrible thing to waste, but a waist is a terrible thing to mind. Chiasmus can also be implied only Ex: Kermit the Frog quote “Time’s fun when you’re having flies” (implies the parallel phrase, “Time flies when you’re having fun.”)

37. Antimetabole Specific form of chiasmus in which words are repeated exactly in reverse order Ex: You like it, it likes you. Ex: “We didn't land on Plymouth Rock; Plymouth Rock landed on us.” — Malcolm X